Answer the questions.

Cancer

Read the following words, translate them and use in the sentences of your own.

1. Cancer 2. Aetiology 3. Metastasis 4. Susceptibility 5. Malignant

6. Benign 7. To enclose 8. Heavy smoker 9. Incidence 10. Significantly

Analyze the structure of the following terms and translate them.

Cancerlike, cancerism, cancerous, carcinogenic, metastasize, metastable, metastatic.

Match the words with their definitions.

Metastasis	a type of X-ray, using a special dye, that helps show blood vessels and blood flow. It's also used to identify certain kinds of tumors.
Radiologist	a procedure where a bone that has cancer is removed and the limb (usually an arm or leg) is saved from amputation by filling the gap with a bone graft or special metal rod.
Ultrasound (also called sonography):	a procedure in which the doctor opens the skin to remove an entire lump, tumor, or suspicious area for purposes of diagnosis.
Oncogenes	a special type of care for people who are in the last phase of an illness. This type of care can be either inpatient or outpatient.
Dyspnea	a term used to describe tumors that are slow-growing, noncancerous, and do not spread to surrounding tissue.
Limb-salvage surgery	radiation therapy that usually requires a stay in the hospital for several days for careful monitoring. The radioactive material may be placed in small tubes that are implanted into the cancerous tumor or a body cavity, or swallowed or injected into the bloodstream.
Excisional biopsy	difficulty breathing in which a person feels short of breath.
Malignant	another word for cancerous.
Hospice	a group of different medical specialists and health care professionals who help a patient through the challenges of dealing with cancer.
Internal radiation	the spread of disease (in this case, cancer) from the original site to other parts of the body.
Angiogram	genes that cause cells to grow and duplicate. Under certain circumstances, oncogenes can mutate and cause cells to grow abnormally, leading to cancer.
Benign	a doctor who specializes in reading and interpreting X-rays and scans.
Cancer care team	ultrasound, or ultrasonography, is another way doctors can take a look inside the body. Instead of X-rays, sound waves are bounced off the kidneys, the heart, or other areas of the body.

Read and translate the text.

Cancer

The problem of cancer is being discussed in innumerable papers from all parts of the world because cancer still continues to be the first among human diseases.

The term “cancer” was first used by Gallen (231-201) a famous Roman physician who had described the disease of a mammary gland under this term. Cancer was mentioned about 3500 years ago in the ancient Egyptian Ebers papyrus. In the era of Greek medicine it was regarded as an unnatural growth caused by black bile, and was called "carcinoma".

Cancer or carcinoma, as it is often called, is a malignant tumour that arises from epithelial cells. A tumour is a mass of new tissue that grows independently from its surrounding structures. A malignant tumour is made up of connective tissue enclosing epithelial cells. Some tumours remain localized, others rapidly invade healthy tissue and metastasize leading to early death. The incidence of carcinomas comprises 90% of all malignant tumours, the rest are sarcomas.

The development of certain types is connected with the so called carcinogenic substances and rays.

It has been proved that cancer may develop due to contact with certain chemical substances, such as aromatic amines, chromic acids, arsenic acids, anilines and others. Cigarette smoking plays a major part in the aetiology of lung cancer. 96 % of patients with lung cancer were heavy cigarette smokers. Certain viruses are also considered to be carcinogenic.

The distribution of various types of cancer vary geographically. The incidence of lung cancer is much higher among Europeans. The incidence of lung cancer is much higher among Europeans. In South Africa 50 % of all types of cancer comprise carcinomas of the liver, while in Europe liver-cell carcinomas comprise only 1 %.The high frequency of liver cancers in certain tropical countries could be related to the incidence of viral diseases of the liver in the same countries. Many investigators suggest that viral hepatitis could represent a precancerous disease.

The age significantly affects the incidence of cancer. Susceptibility of cancer increases with age. The most important thing in prognosis of patients with carcinoma is the grade of malignancy, and therefore, the sooner the diagnosis is made, the better the prognosis. Each type of cancer is curable if it is timely recognized and proper treatment is administered.

Answer the questions.

1. What kind of disease is cancer?

2. Where does cancer arise from?

3. What plays a major part in the etiology of lung cancer?

4. When was the term "cancer" first used?

5. When did the term "carcinoma" appear?

6. What is the malignant tumour composed of?

7. What carcinogenic substances do you know?

8. Why is smoking a harmful habit?

9. Why does the distribution of different types of cancer vary?

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