III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of ĭ-Stems.

40. Many Consonant-Stems have so far adapted themselves to the inflection of ĭ -stems as to take -ium in the Genitive Plural, and -īs in the Accusative Plural. Their true character as Consonant-Stems, however, is shown by the fact that they never take -im in the Accusative Singular, or -ī in the Ablative Singular. The following words are examples of this class:—

	Caedēs, f., slaughter; stem, caed-.	Arx, f., citadel; stem, arc-.	Linter, f., skiff; stem, lintr-.
SINGULAR.
Nom.	caedēs	arx	linter
Gen.	caedis	arcis	lintris
Dat.	caedī	arcī	lintrī
Acc.	caedem	arcem	lintrem
Voc.	caedēs	arx	linter
Abl.	caede	arce	lintre
PLURAL.
Nom.	caedēs	arcēs	lintrēs
Gen.	caedium	arcium	lintrium
Dat.	caedibus	arcibus	lintribus
Acc.	caedēs, -īs	arcēs, -īs	lintrēs, -īs
Voc.	caedēs	arcēs	lintrēs
Abl.	caedibus	arcibus	lintribus

1. The following classes of nouns belong here:—

a) Nouns in -ēs, with Genitive in -is; as, nūbēs, aedēs, clādēs, etc.

b) Many monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by one or more consonants; as, urbs, mōns, stirps, lanx.

c) Most nouns in -ns and -rs as, cliēns, cohors.

d) Ūter, venter; fūr, līs, mās, mūs, nix; and the Plurals faucēs, penātēs, Optimātēs, Samnitēs, Quirītēs.

e) Sometimes nouns in -tās with Genitive -tātis; as, cīvitās, aetās. Cīvitās usually has cīvitātium.

IV. Stems in -ī, -ū, and Diphthongs.

41.

	Vis, f., force; stem, vī-.	Sūs, c., swine; stem, sū-.	Bōs, c., ox, cow; stem, bou-.	Juppiter, m., Jupiter; stem, Jou-.
SINGULAR.
Nom.	vīs	sūs	bōs	Juppiter
Gen.	——	suis	bovis	Jovis
Dat.	——	suī	bovī	Jovī
Acc.	vim	suem	bovem	Jovem
Voc.	vīs	sūs	bōs	Juppiter
Abl.	vī	sue	bove	Jove
PLURAL.
Nom.	vīrēs	suēs	bovēs
Gen.	vīrium	suum	bovum, boum
Dat.	vīribus	suibus, subus	bōbus, būbus
Acc.	vīrēs	suēs	bovēs
Voc.	vīrēs	suēs	bovēs
Abl.	vīribus	suibus, subus	bōbus, būbus

1. Notice that the oblique cases of sūs have ŭ in the root syllable.

2. Grūs is declined like sūs, except that the Dative and Ablative Plural are always gruibus.

3. Juppiter is for Jou-pater, and therefore contains the same stem as in Jov-is, Jov-ī, etc.

Nāvis was originally a diphthong stem ending in au-, but it has passed over to the ĭ -stems (§ 37). Its ablative often ends in -ī.

V. Irregular Nouns.

42.

	Senex, m., old man.	Carō, f., flesh.	Os, n., bone.
SINGULAR.
Nom.	senex	carō	os
Gen.	senis	carnis	ossis
Dat.	senī	carnī	ossī
Acc.	senem	carnem	os
Voc.	senex	carō	os
Abl.	sene	carne	osse
PLURAL.
Nom.	senēs	carnēs	ossa
Gen.	senum	carnium	ossium
Dat.	senibus	carnibus	ossibus
Acc.	senēs	carnēs	ossa
Voc.	senēs	carnēs	ossa
Abl.	senibus	carnibus	ossibus

1. Iter, itineris, n., way, is inflected regularly throughout from the stem itiner-.

2. Supellex, supellectilis, f., furniture, is confined to the Singular. The oblique cases are formed from the stem supellectil-. The ablative has both -ī and -e.

3. Jecur, n., liver, forms its oblique cases from two stems,— jecor- and jecinor-. Thus, Gen. jecoris or jecinoris.

4. Femur, n., thigh, usually forms its oblique cases from the stem femor-, but sometimes from the stem femin-. Thus, Gen. femoris or feminis.

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