The history of Hollywood cinema

Cinema United States

Cinema United States - the term denoting the U.S. film industry, the largest in the world, and focused mainly around the town of Hollywood (near Los Angeles, California), which are offices and major film companies shooting pavilions USA. Often the term "American cinema" and "Hollywood" unite, but it's wrong. American cinema is not only a huge film industry of Hollywood, but also developed a system of independent cinema. Independent cinema is not supported by major film companies. On the one hand, this means smaller budgets, on the other - less pressure on the directors. Major film companies first organized film production as a commercial activity, so the differences between business interests and the interests of producers of the film director for the movie end sometimes sad. The most common requirement: the cutting of certain scenes to film in the cinema did not get too "adult" rating. Sometimes full (director) version released on DVD a separate edition. Independent Film USA heterogeneous: it's a cult "carefree fare" and creative experiments of Andy Warhol, and trash for a narrow range of audience.

The history of Hollywood cinema

The emergence

By the beginning of XX century there were dozens of small studios, mostly in New York. Road lease of premises, regular lawsuits, many gloomy and rainy days hindered film production. And the lighting in the pavilions because of poorly developed lighting and low-sensitivity film directly depended on sunlight.

The village of Hollywood, known from the huge ranch that was in its place in the late XIX century, located in the vicinity of deaf Los Angeles, had exceptional climatic and geographic features: more than 300 sunny days a year, near the mountains (including the famous Grand Canyon), vast expanses of prairie and Pacific coast. City near by could supply construction materials and operating resources, and eventually become a center of production and kinoustatkuvannya kinomaterialiv (that happened later).

Sensitively responded to political events company "Vaytohraf." On the coast of Havana in 1898 was an event that served as a pretext for beginning the Spanish-American War. By mysterious circumstances was blown American cruiser "Maine." On the first day of the conflict C. Blekton shot and produced a film called "The Spanish flag was frustrated." Hundreds of copies of the film with great success went for several days. Thus, even at the early stage of development, the U.S. film industry openly showed their attitude to political events.

Land for building got practically nothing, and Hollywood began an unprecedented building boom.

In 1907 Film production began in Los Angeles.

in 1913 in Hollywood

The first film, which began with the history of Hollywood western was Cecil B. de Mill "Indian man".

By 1920, due to rapidly increasing number of large studies and the emergence of movie stars here filming took place about 800 films annually, and the name became a symbol of luxury, sweet life of magic and illusion movies.

For some in '15 modest village into the capital of American film industry, as it was centered about 90% of American film studios.

Becoming

Formation of American cinema, perhaps, one of the most popular to date, began in 1892 when Thomas Edison built the kinescope. The first public session was held in New York music hall Bayela and cooker. The session consisted of a small humorous and dance numbers.

After 9 years were "Nikelodeony" - kind of cheap theaters in the U.S. early XX century, the entrance to which was worth 5 cents. Every year the number of theaters increased, and by 1908 there were more than three thousand. Of course, the new entertainment enjoyed great success with viewers. The intensification of competition led to the collapse of smaller studios.

They began to appear long association - called kinotresty. Those in turn were combined with rolling companies. For example:

In 1912 "Paramount" (the title of 1927).

In 1919, "United artists" (Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin and David Griffith).

In 1924 "Metro - Golden - Meir."

In 1925 "Warner Brothers".

The first studio in California was established in 1911, an independent company "Nestor." By 1914, construction began on a more fundamental studies is largely due to active participation in projects of companies included in the Company kinopatentov "Bayohraf", "Vaytanraf" etc. Targeting the American film industry to the mass audience very limited "authoring" capabilities directors.

The system called for "entertainment" films that bring more profit and therefore came to the forefront not directors and actors - the stars (there was a system of movie stars) and producers.

The development of American cinema is not always proceeded smoothly. Contradictions, the collision of different directions and trends, ruin and recovery studies, and their union. Quite clearly in the life of Hollywood viewed trend towards consolidation of film production. For example, in 1915, was established studio "Underground" in 1919 - "Holdvin Pikcherz" and in 1924 they united in the "Metro-Holdvin-Mayer."

Heyday

Major achievements related to the development of Hollywood genres:

Comedy M. Linder, Charles Chaplin, B. Keaton, Lloyd G., Marx Brothers

Romance with Rudolph Valentino

John Ford Westerns

Film-noir with H. Bogart

Musicals of Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly

A. Hitchcock Thrillers

and so on until the fantastic films, horror, thriller and blockbuster last time - all these genres and live there "on demand" mass audience, asking very narrow scope for self directed.

The postwar period

For a typical post-war period peplumov - vysokobyudzhetnyh major films of the great timing by the ancient stories, with many grand scenes masovok and spectacular scenery the imagination, for example, "Ben-Hur." This one started the popularity of widescreen movies, which allowed the viewer to "open their eyes wider," enjoying the view, built in the frame. Also the first decades after the war are sometimes flourishing traditional Hollywood musicals.

The modern period

The modern period of Hollywood cinema began in the late 1960s with the collapse of the studio system. Interest in traditional stereotyped studio movies with stars falling steadily, and many even big studios were on the brink of ruin. Studio bosses were amazed about what movie wants the audience, and began experimenting. Among young directors, who was given a chance to demonstrate their abilities, were George Lucas, Steven Spielberg, Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, Brian De Palma. And it is this group of directors has formed a modern cinema in the form in which it entered the XXI century. Their films in the late 1960s and early 1970s were a huge success, precisely because they appeared the word "blockbuster". Managers of large studies have come to trust the young directors, invite them to shoot was cool, especially since they came out of film schools and small studios, could be concluded in a very small budgets. A powerful wave of new, unusual, frank movie 1970 captured the audience and in Hollywood movies has started a new era.

Hollywood cinema serves an ideological tool, a kind of symbol of modern America and the means of forming an image of this country in the world.

Institute of stars

Institute of stars in Hollywood movies began to arise more about the 1920's, formed in 1930 and reached a peak in the 1940s and the 1950s. Stars seemed to spectators gods, future stars specially prepared courses in film studios. A huge public relations industry at large studios specifically worked to create and support the image of stars. Yellow press intently watched every step of the stars, talking about all the events in their life and the eccentric antics of most stars, so check the extent of their popularity. Only in the 1970s with the collapse of the studio system and the emergence of contemporary Hollywood cinema, interest in the stars began to acquire a different hue: stars are close, they no longer seem unattainable. On the other hand, the stars were much more independent and, ultimately, to 1980 m years completely freed from the control of film studios and we started to shape their image and even choose a repertoire of films in which they will play. A 1990 self-rating has reached such proportions that there was no exaggeration to say that in many ways they dictate the style and direction of the film, choosing certain films, the appearance of which instantly brings the film's popularity and high box office receipts. Thus the situation has changed compared to 1940 years we: Studio only offer material for stars, and stars, which reached fees ballooning peaks, choosing one or the other film to shoot, just ask this direction and development of entire genres.

Famous directors

Woody Allen

Robert Altman

David Griffith

Cecil Blount de Mill

Clint Eastwood

Stanley Kubrick

James Cameron

Peter Jackson

Orson Wells

Ford, John

John Houston

George Lucas

Steven Spielberg

Martin Scorsese

Francis Ford Coppola

Brian De Palma

Spike Lee

Billy Wilder

William Weiler

Quentin Tarantino

Famous actors

Fred Astaire

John Barrymore

Warren Beatty

Humphrey Bogart

Clara Bow

Christian Bale

Marlon Brando

Brad Pitt

Kathy Bates

Lauren Bekoll

Anne Bancroft

Kim Besinher

Denzel Washington

By By Gabor

Ava Gardner

Clark Gable

Judy Garland

Irene Dunne

Robert De Niro

Olivia De Hevillend

James Dean

Doris Day

Bette Davis

Kirk Douglas

Clint Eastwood

Joan Crawford

Diane Keaton

Gene Kelly

Sylvester Stallone

Kurt Russell

Grace Kelly

Deborah Kerr

Nicolas Cage

Tony Curtis

Bing Crosby

James Kehni

Veronica Lake

Jack Lemmon

Vivien Leigh

Measuring Loy

Lisa Minnelli

Marilyn Monroe

Paul Newman

Jack Nicholson

Tom Cruise Al Pacino

Gregory Peck

Sidney Poitiers

Ginger Rogers

Julia Roberts

Meryl Streep

Barbra Streisand

Barbara Stanwyck

Shirley Temple

Spencer Tracy

Elizabeth Taylor

Reese Witherspoon

John Wayne

Heath Ledger

Bruce Willis

Henry Fonda

Jane Fonda

Joan Fontaine

Harrison Ford

Gene Hekmen

Tom Hanks

Katherine Hepbern

Audrey Hepbern

Charlton Gaston

Dustin Hoffman

Sharon Stone

Julie Andrews

Anne-Margrethe

Johnny Depp

Arnold Schwarzenegger

Kristen Stewart

Robert Pattinson

Taylor Lautner

Angelina Jolie

Festivals

In the United States there are over 100 film festivals on different themes and specifics:

Film Festival "10 under 10"

Film Festival "Garden State"

International Film Festival in Malibu

Film Festival in Maui

Film Festival "Sundance"

Festival of Documentary Films "Chechnya"

Chicago outdoor film festival

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16