Dispatch area

Your information | Describing a process | burn your hand fall into it get an electric shock injure your head |

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Object Location phrase

11.assembled boards k. stacked in front of table

12.dispatch area l. sorted on this table

13. boards m. go into dispatch area

14.boards n. packed in boxes

15. boards o. behind this door

Language Focus Notice how the following prepositions are used to refer to place

3.2 Fill in the gaps with the necessary preposition

1. The raw materials come __________ the supply area.

2. The raw materials are off-loaded ________________ a conveyor.

3. The conveyor takes them _________________ the supply room.

4. We store the electronic components ____________ the shelves.

5. The chemicals used in the process are stored ________________the boards and the shelves.

6. The boards are taken ________ the supply area _______ the assembly area.

7. In the first part of the assembly area the boards are cut ___________ shape.

8. Then the boards pass _____________ the cutter and holes are drilled _________ them.

9. After that the boards come _________ _______ the drilling machine.

10. The electronic components are inserted __________ the holes.

11. If we go _____________ to the other side, we can see the boards coming ________ a conveyor.

12. The assembled boards then go ___________ the dispatch area, which is ___________ the door.

13. The assembled boards are sorted according to their type and size ___________ the big table.

14. They are stacked _______ ____________ ________ this table.

15. Finally the boards are packed _________ boxes ready for dispatch.

Grammar Focus Passive: Present Simple Active The conveyor takes the raw board into the supply area. Passive The raw board is taken into the supply area by the conveyor. Active We store electric components on the shelves. Passive Electric components are stored on the shelves.

READING

Part I

2.1 Study the vocabulary

1. Pressure [´preʃǝ] – давление

What is the atmospheric pressure today?

2. Vessel [´ves(ǝ)l] – сосуд

The reactor pressure vessel is that part of the nuclear power plant, where heat

is produced from nuclear fission.

3. Heat [hi:t] - теплота

Heat is a form of energy.

4. Nuclear [´nju:klɪǝ] – ядерный

He studied nuclear physics at the University. Nuclear fuel is used in the reactor.

5. Fission [´fɪʃ(ǝ)n] – расщепление

6. To enrich [ɪn´rɪʧ] – обогащать

The enriched uranium₂₃₅ is necessary in the nuclear fission process.

7. Core [kͻ:] – ядро, центр

The core of the electromagnet is usually made of iron.

8. Assembly [ǝ´semblɪ] – блок, узел

Fuel assemblies contain the actual uranium.

9. To interrupt [ɪntǝ´rʌpt] – прекращать, прерывать

Nuclear fission is interrupted when reactor control elements are fully lowered.

10. Output [´aʊtpʊt] – производительность, мощность

The scientists tried to increase the output power of the generators.

11. To withdraw [wɪð´drɔ:] – извлекать, вынимать

The plant operates at a maximum output when the reactor control elements

are withdrawn.

12. To monitor [´mɔnɪtǝ] – отслеживать, наблюдать

The process of nuclear fission is monitored and controlled by the expert teams

in the central control rooms.

13. Circuit [´sɜ:kɪt] – контур

14. To separate [´sep(ǝ)reɪt] – отделять, разделять

15. To prevent [prɪ´vent] – мешать, препятствовать

16. To escape [ɪs´keɪp] – исчезать

The two water circuits are fully separated from each other, what prevents radiation from escaping and makes the process of steam generation quite safe.

17. Generator [´ʤen(ǝ)reɪtǝ] – генератор

A generator is one of the essential parts of any power plant which is used to generate electricity.

18. To drive [draɪv] – приводить в движение, вращать

Electricity is used to drive machinery. He drove me to the station.

19. To feed [fi:d] – питать, подавать

From the generator electricity is fed into the transformer.

20. Condenser [kǝn´densǝ] – конденсатор

Condenser is the part of the plant, where cooling water is used to transform the steam of the secondary circuit back to a liquid state.

21. Liquid [´lɪkwɪd] – жидкость

At what temperature does this liquid boil?

22. Voltage [´vɔltɪʤ] – напряжение

High voltage is dangerous. A transformer is used to step up and down

the voltage.

23. To pump [pʌmp] – накачивать

From a condenser water transformed from the steam of the secondary circuit is pumped back to the steam generator.

24. To discharge [dɪs´ʧa:ʤ] – выпускать; разряжать(ся)

When the battery operates it discharges. The stack is the part of a power plant where flue gases are discharged into.

25. Ore [ɔ:] – руда

After extraction uranium ore is crashed and nuclear fuel is fabricated.

26. To crash [kræʃ] – крошить, измельчать

In a coal crasher coal is crashed into a fine powder.

27. To extract [ɪk´strækt] - добывать

Coal is extracted from underground.

28. Fabrication [fæbrɪ´keɪʃ(ǝ)n] – производство

The process of fuel fabrication is quite difficult.

29. Mine [maɪn] – шахта

The hardest work in mines is now performed by robots.

30. To transform [træns´fɔ:m] – превращать, преобразовывать

Is it possible to transform the electric current?

31. To reprocess [ri:´prǝʊses] – перерабатывать

Eventually the spent fuel has to be reprocessed.

32. To use up [ju:z ʌp] – полностью использовать

In the reactor the nuclear fuel – Uranium₂₃₅– is fully used up.

33. To purify [´pjʊǝrɪfaɪ] – очищать

The water is carefully purified before use.

34. To turn [tɜ:n] – вращать, превращать

The motor turns electrical energy into mechanical energy. The turbines driven by the kinetic energy of the running water turn electric generators, which, in their turn, produce electric energy.

35. Steam [sti:m] – пар

Steam can be used to drive machinery. Steam is used to produce electricity.

36. Substance [´sʌbst(ǝ)ns] – вещество

Many chemical substances can be produced from coal.

37. Due to [dju: tʊ] – из-за, благодаря

We can watch TV due to electricity. Lomonosov was the first to state that heat phenomena were due to molecular motion.

38. Level [´lev(ǝ)l] – уровень

The city is 1,500 metres above the sea level.

39. To occur [ǝ´kɜ:] – случаться, происходить

The car accident occurred in the centre of the town. The process of heat generation from nuclear fission occurs in a reactor core.

40. Pellet [´pelɪt] – брикет, гранула

41. Rod [rɔd] - стержень

The nuclear fuel is made in the form of pellets. These pellets are then formed into rods.

2.2 Read the words correctly and give their Russian equivalents

[´preʃǝ] [´fɪʃ(ǝ)n]

[ɪn´rɪʧ] [kǝn´densǝ]

[´nju꞉klɪǝ] [ǝ´semblɪ]

[wɪð´drɔ:] [ɪk´strækt]

[´sɜ:kɪt] [dɪs´ʧa:ʤ]

[´ʤen(ǝ)reɪtǝ] [´vɔltɪʤ]

[ri:´prǝʊses] [´lɪkwɪd]

[´pjʊǝrɪfaɪ] [´sʌbst(ǝ)ns]

[dju: tʊ] [ǝ´kɜ:]

[´pelɪt] [træns´fɔ:m]

2.3 Find the English equivalent to the Russian translation, given at the beginning of each line

1. давление a) voltage; b) pressure; c) temperature; d) core

2. теплота a) level; b) steam; c) heat; d) vapour

3. расщепление a) fission; b) splitting; c) division; d) separation

ядерного топлива

4. обогащать a) to purify; b) to interrupt; c) to extract; d) to enrich

5. блок a) rod; b) pellet; c) assembly; d) ore

6. мощность a) input; b) output; c) liquid; d) circuit

7. наблюдать a) to control; b) to discharge; c) to monitor; d) to occur

8. вещество a) substance; b) phenomenon; c) team; d) heat

9. питать a) to pump; b) to reprocess; c) to feed; d) to escape

10. очищать a) to prevent; b) to purify; c) to use up; d) to turn

2.4 Match the pairs of synonyms

A. transform B. turn

produce increase

occur input

due to convert

raise owing to

output generate

drive happen

2.5 Translate the following word-combinations into Russian

pressurized water reactor fuel assemblies

fine powder operate at maximum output

opencast mining primary circuit

underground mining secondary circuit

fuel fabrication steam generator

nuclear fission process to drive the turbine

spent fuel voltage level

reactor pressure vessel liquid state

fissile reaction cooling tower

reactor core cooling water

2.6 Uranium is the basis of nuclear energy.

Put these sentences in the right order so that they describe the processes the uranium goes through.

Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form (Present Simple Passive)

a) After that, the uranium ore _____________ (to crush) into a fine powder.

b) First of all, uranium ______________ (to extract) from opencast or underground mining.

c) The next step is fuel fabrication. The nuclear fuel ____________________ (to transform) into pellets.

d) This “yellow cake” then __________ (to enrich) to increase the proportion of uranium _235,which is essential in the nuclear fission process.

e) Finally, the spent fuel must _____________ (to reprocess) and ____________ (to store) long term underground.

f) Following that, they ______________ (to form) into rods and _____________ (to place) in the reactor pressure vessel.

g) In the reactor pressure vessel, heat _____________ (to produce) through a fissile reaction and eventually the uranium _____________ (to use up).

h) After crushing, the powder then _____________ (to purify); the substance at the end of this process ______________ (to call) “yellow cake”.

2.7 A guide is giving a group of visitors a tour of one of ELEC's nuclear power plants. Read the text on its operation and label the diagram

Firstly I'd like to welcome you all. Today I’ll be showing you round one of our pressurized water reactors. I'll talk you through the basics using this diagram on the screen. If you look first at the left-hand side of the diagram, you can see the reactor pressure vessel which produces heat from nuclear fission. This occurs in the reactor core where the fuel assemblies are situated – they contain the actual uranium. Above these assemblies you can see the control elements. When these are fully lowered, nuclear fission is completely interrupted, the plant therefore operates at maximum output when they're withdrawn. All this is monitored and controlled by our expert teams in the central control rooms.

Now, it's important to realize that pressurized water reactors have two water circuits – the primary and secondary circuits, which are completely separated from each other. This prevents radiation from escaping, and so that's why they are relatively safe. In the first circuit, water transports the heat produced by nuclear fission in a closed circuit to the steam generator, where the heat is then transferred to the secondary circuit. So in the steam generator, heat from the primary circuit turns water of the secondary circuit into steam. This steam, I'd like to stress again, is totally nonradioactive due to the separation of the circuits.

OK, so the steam produced in the steam generator passes to and drives the turbine. This is connected to the generator which actually produces the electricity. From there the electricity is fed into the transformers, which raise voltage levels to the required 380 kV. Now, if you look below the box with the turbine and the generator, you can see the condenser. In this part of the plant, cooling water is used to transform the steam of the secondary circuit back to a liquid state. In a sense the cooling water forms a third circuit, but we don't in fact call it that. Anyway, this cooling water in the condenser transforms the steam of the secondary circuit back to water, which is then pumped back to the steam generator. The cooling water on the other hand can be discharged back into the river which you saw nearby the plant, or it's fed into the cooling towers. This depends on the level of the water's temperature.

2.8 Fill in the table with the necessary information from the text

Part of the power station	The purpose	The function
The reactor pressure vessel
The primary circuit
The steam generator
The transformers
The condenser

Part II

2.1 Study the vocabulary

1. Induction [ɪn´dʌkʃ(ǝ)n] – индукция; индукционный.

The principle of work of most metal detectors is based on electromagnetic induction. The induction coil is connected to the circuit in order to increase its inductance.

2. Field [fi:ld] – поле; область (науки, техники)

In autumn all the farmers work in the fields. In what field of science did Volta work?

3. Voltage [´vɔltɪʤ] – напряжение.

High voltage is dangerous. A transformer is used to step up and down the voltage.

4. Current [´kʌr(ǝ)nt] – ток.

All metals conduct the electric current. Where is the current used?

5. Coil [kɔɪl] – катушка.

Let us pass the current through the coil.

6. Wire [waɪǝ] – провод, проволока.

Wires are made of different metals.

7. To generate (generated) [´ʤen(ǝ)reɪt] – вырабатывать, производить.

Generators generate electrical energy.

8. To convert (converted) [´kɔnvɜ:t] – превращать, преобразовывать.

Water can be converted into steam.

9. To drive (drove, driven) [draɪv] – приводить в движение, вращать.

Electrical current drives various machines at power plants.

10. To reverse (reversed) [rɪ´vɜ:s] – изменять на обратное, реверсировать.

If the resistance is reversed the current in the circuit is reversed too.

11.Target [´ta:gɪt] – цель.

What is the target object you want to find?

12. To fade [feɪd] – ослабевать, постепенно исчезать.

It is not possible to switch the current off in the object; it has to fade naturally.

13. To amplify (amplified) [´æmplɪɪfaɪ] – увеличивать.

Can this voltage be amplified?

14. To detect (detected) [dɪ´tekt] – обнаруживать, открывать.

The fault was detected by the measuring instrument.

15. To cause [kɔ:z] – вызывать, являться причиной.

What caused the fire?

2.2 Read the following abbreviations and give their full forms

AC, DC, V, MW, kWh, 317^oF, 45^oC, emf, mmf, e.g., etc.

2.3 Read the words correctly and give their Russian equivalents

[´kɔnvɜ:t] [waɪǝ]

[ɪn´dʌkʃ(ǝ)n] [´æmplɪɪfaɪ]

[´vɔltɪʤ] [´ʤen(ǝ)reɪt]

[´ta:gɪt] [feɪd]

[kɔ:z] [kɔɪl]

[´kʌr(ǝ)nt] [rɪ´vɜ:s]

2.4 Translate the words and their derivatives into Russian

Electrical – electricity – electrically – electrician; to drive – drive – driver; to generate – generator – generation – regeneration; magnetism – magnet – to magnetize – to demagnetize – magnetic; to indicate – indication – indicator – indicative; to cause – cause – causeless; to convert – conversion – converter; to reverse – reversal – reversible; switch – to switch on – to switch off.

2.5 Translate the word combinations, given below into Russian

Electronic metal detector pulse induction detector

Electromagnetic induction to cause currents to flow

Magnetic field target object

Electrical voltage/current to reactivate the search coil

Search coil to indicate with a sound

To reverse direction a flashing light

2.6 Complete the puzzle to find out the synonym to the word-combination “a coil of wire”