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1. States may have a written constitution and a body … traditional practices. 2. Not every government conducts itself … a consistently constitutional manner. 3. The leading legal rules are collected … document venerated as “The Constitution”. 4. No one constitution can ever be compressed … the compass … one document. 5. The Constitution of the USA was drown … in 1787 and ratified in 1789 and is still … essentials unchanged. 6. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany was brought … force in 1949. 7. The leading enactments of the United Kingdom are … no sense a constitutional code. 8. There are no special safeguards … constitutional rules. 9. Toqueville had remarkable powers … observation. 10. Toqueville observed American life … 150 years ago. 11. The Weimar Republic Constitution was … force for 14 years. 12. Proportional representation contributed greatly … political instability.
Exercise 14.
Read the text and write down Ukrainian equivalent for the words and expressions in bold type.
The Magna Carta
At the Heart of the English system are two principles of government – limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John (1199-1216) signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. Since 1199 John’s barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by john on June 15, 1215.
The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent.
Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties. It is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
B. Remember the following meanings of the noun “government” in Ukrainian.
1. уряд, державній апарат
puppet (sovereign) government
Liberal (Labor, Conservative) government
invisible government – сили, які стоять за спиною офіційного уряду
her (his) Majesty’s Government – уряд її (його) величності
to form the government – сформувати уряд
2. форма керування
democratic (republican, centralized, parliamentary) government
3. керівництво
the local government – місцеве самоврядування
the government of a state – керівництво держави
a system of government
organs of government
Use the expressions above to make sentences of your own.
C. Render the passage below into English.
Велика Хартія Вільностей
Велика Хартія Вільностей – це грамота, яка була підписана в 1215 році англійським королем Іоаном І. Вона написана латиницею і складається з 63 статей. Цей документ з’явився в результаті незадоволення баронів посиленням королівської влади, податковим тягарем і невдалою зовнішньою політикою короля. Більшість статей захищало інтереси аристократії, але й інші групи населення одержали значні права.
Велика Хартія Вільностей гарантувала виконання королем певних обов’язків по відношенню до баронів і забороняла королю збирати податки без згоди підлеглих. Хартія поклала початок свободі людини. Ніхто не міг бути арештованим і ув’язненим, позбавленим майна або захисту закону, висланий або покараний якимось іншим чином без суду рівних людей і відповідно до законів держави.
Хартія – це перший в історії Англії документ, який обмежив владу корони і декларував права і свободи підлеглих. Хартія стала основою англійських свобод. Багато з її статей одержали подальший розвиток в Акті Хабеас Корпус і Білі про права.
Велика Хартія Вільностей і зараз входить до складу діючих актів Великої Британії.
Exercise 15. Read and translate the text.
Habeas Corpus Act
In the Britain, United States and many other English-speaking countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prisoner without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so violently that he arrested her and a local justice of the peace committed her to jail.
When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson’s story of her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare earth, stripped, and given 50 lashes. Such treatment was barbaric even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that Mrs. Robinson was pregnant.
Public anger was so great that she was acquitted, the constable who had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison and the justice of the peace was severely reprimanded and the case, along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in Britain in 1679. The law is still on the British statute books. A version of it is used in the United States, where the law was regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty that Article 1 (section 9) of the Constitution declares:“The Privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public safety may require it”.
“Habeas Corpus” is part of a Latin phrase – Habeas Corpus ad subjiciendum – that means “Let the body be brought before the judge”. In effect, a writ of Habeas Corpus is an order in the name of the people (or, in Britain, of the sovereign) to produce an imprisoned person in court at once.
B. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions.
мировий суддя; ордер на арешт; варварське відношення; бунт, повстання; навала, вторгнення; незадоволення громади; ув’язнити; визвати гнівний протест; привести до прийняття закону; одержати сувору догану; стати перед судом; бути виправданим; від імені народу.
С. Render the following text into English.
Хабеас Корпус
Згідно з цим актом будь-яка персона, заарештована за будь-який кримінальний злочин, мала право звернутись особисто або через свого представника до корони з проханням видати наказ “Хабеас Корпус” голові в’язниці. Одержавши цей наказ, голова в’язниці був зобов’язаний відвести заарештованого до судді, який перевіряв законність арешту.
Хабеас Корпус – це сама важлива гарантія громадських прав і свобод в Англії: жодна людина не може бути арештована без достатніх причин.
Exercise 16.
A. Complete the text using the words:
financial control, more resistance, royal requests, Stuart succession, raising taxes, prevent, restricted, forced.
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