Direct and Reported Speech

Для того щоб передати, що хтось сказав щось, можливо вживати "пряму мову" обо "непряму мову".

1. Коли дієслово в повідомленні або в словах автора вжито в теперішньому часі, дієслово не змінюється.

Direct Speech: Annie says, "I usually visit exhibitions and fairs".

Indirect Speech: Annie says (that) she usually visits exhibitions and fairs.

2. Але коли дієслово в повідомленні вжито в одному з минулих часів, час дієслова в непрямій мові змінюється.

Direct Speech: Annie said: "I usually visit exhibitions and fairs"

Indirect Speech: Annie said (that) she usually visited exhibitions and fairs.

Дієслово в непрямій мові змінюється відповідно "Правилу Узгодження часів"

Коли дієслово в повідомленні вжито в Past Tense,час в непрямій мові звичайно "посувається назад".

1. Дієслова в Present Tense змінюється на форму Past Tense:

Speaker's Words	Indirect Speech
"We are going to cooperate with them"	He said that they were going to cooperate with them.
"Many countries take part in the exhibitions every year"	We read in the brochure that many countries tookpart in the exhibitions every year.
"Different producers have already made profitable contracts at the exhibition"	They knew that different producers had already made profitable contracts at the exhibition.

2. Дієслова в Past Tense змінюються на Past Perfect:

"The quality of goods increased "	Everybody saw that the quality of goods hadincreased.
"We arrived late at the fair"	They said that they had arrived late.

3. Дієслова в Future Tense змінюється на would do:

"The next linen show will be held in pavilion 2"	The speaker announced that the next linen show would be held in pavilion 2.
"Our company will get in touch with you after the fair"	The top manager stated their company would get in touch with them after the fair.

4. Дієслова в Past Perfect не змінюються:

"I had visited this section before"

My friend said that he had visited that section before.

5. Модальні дієслова змінюються таким чином:

Can ­­­---- could, may----- might, must----- had to

"Any customer can buy goods in retail"	We were told that any customer could buy goods in retail.
"One must fill in the application form before the fair"	The secretary told us that one had to fill in the application form before the fair.
"You may go by car to the entrance of the pavilion"	Mike said that I might go by car to the entrance of the pavilion.

В непрямій мові також змінюються прислівники часу та місця:

here	there
this	that/the
now	then
today	that day
tonight	that night
tomorrow	the next day/the following day
yesterday	the day before/ the previous day
next Monday	the following Monday
last Monday	the previous Monday

Часи дієслів, прикметники та займенники в непрямих питаннях змінюються таким самим чином, як і в непрямих твердженнях. В непрямих питаннях порядок слів такий, як і в простому реченні. Допоміжні дієслова не вживаються.

"Do you want to buy anything here?"	Marie asked me if I wanted to buy something there.
"What are you mostly surprised by?"	Jake wondered what I was mostly surprised by.
"Where will Italian section present leather goods?"	Students asked where Italian section would present leather goods.
"Did you get any experience in working at the fair?"	The director asked me wheather I had got any experience in working at the fair.

UNIT 14

Topic: New Technologies

Grammar: Conditionals

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