A corporate officer or director may be criminally liable for

Her own criminal acts, regardless of whether she committed them for her own benefit or the benefit of the corporation, as well as

2. crimes committed by those under her supervision.

Under the responsible corporate officer doctrine, a corporate officer may be criminally liable even if she did not participate in, direct, or even know of the criminal violation.

Juvenile delinquency

Juvenile crime and delinquency are serious problems all over the world. Their intensity and gravity depend mostly on the social, economic and cultural conditions in each country.

In many cases youth offenders are “street children” who have been exposed to violence in their social environment, either as observers or victims. Their basic education, when they have it is poor; their primary socialization from the family is too often inadequate; and their socio-economic environment is shaped by poverty and destitution.

Governments should give priority to issues and problems of juvenile delinquency and youth criminality, with particular attention to preventive policies and programs.

Rural areas should be provided with adequate socio-economic opportunities and administrative services which could discourage young people from migrating to urban areas.

Youth from poor urban settings should have access to specific educational, employment and leisure programs, particularly during long school holidays.

Youth organizations should also consider organizing information campaigns and educational and training programs in order to sensitize youth to violence.

Governments should also develop programs to promote tolerance and better understanding among youth, without racism, discrimination, xenophobia, etc.

The family, as the primary institution of socialization of youth, continues to play an important role in the prevention of juvenile delinquency and crimes.

Punishment

Punishment, in modern criminal law, is a penalty inflicted by the state upon a person for committing a criminal offense.

In early societies punishment for crime was left to the person wronged or to his or her tribe. The punishments inflicted were cruel, and by modern standards, out of proportion to the offense committed.

With the grooving complexity of society and the centralization of governments, the right to punish was taken from the offended party to the state.

Only at the end of 18^th century punishment came to be thought also as a mean of protecting the laws from abuse by individual members of society. The punishment began to be placed on rehabilitation for the good of society and the individual, rather on punishment for its own sake.

Criminal Codes of different countries vary with regard to specific penalties that may be imposed for crimes.

The objective of Criminal Code of Ukraine is to provide legal protection of the rights and liberties of human being and citizens, property, public order and public safety, the environment and the constitutional order of Ukraine, to secure peace and safety of mankind, and also to prevent crime.

According to Article 50 of Criminal Code of Ukraine the punishment is defined as a coercive measure imposed upon a person found guilty of a criminal offense.

Such types of punishment may be imposed by a court on persons convicted of criminal offenses:

1. fine

2. revocation of a military or special title, rank, grade or qualification class;

3. deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities;

4. community service

5. service restrictions for military servants

6. correctional labor

7. forfeiture of property

8. arrest

9. restrain of liberty

10. custody of military servants in a penal battalion

11. imprisonment for a determinate term

12. life imprisonment.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14