I. Passive Voice

1. Study sentences 1-4 and say which describes:

a) an action in the past that has continued up to the present;

b) a past finished action;

c) a future action;

d) a regular activity.

1) The wards are disinfected twice daily.

2) The wards were disinfected, but they remained contaminated.

3) The wards have been disinfected by the cleaning staff, but not deep cleaned.

4) The wards will be disinfected and the germs will be destroyed.

2. Choose the correct reason why the sentences are passive and not active:

1) Because the action (disinfecting) is more important than the agent (the cleaning staff).

2) Because the agent is more important than the action.

3. Rewrite these sentences using the Passive:

Example: We isolate infected patients – Infected patients are isolated

1) Lymphocytes make antibodies.

2) Tomorrow we will follow the disinfection schedule.

3) We have cancelled all operations because of an MRSA outbreak.

4) Antibiotics have improved his condition.

5) The epidemic will probably kill millions.

4. Study the examples and make the sentences that follow passive:

Example:

This rule has to be followed at all times.

These instruments should not be sterilized at temperatures higher than 160°C.

Use of gloves alone must not be considered a substitute for hand washing.

1) The nurse on duty must write the report.

2) You have to limit the growth of microorganisms.

3) Someone should clean the soap dispenses every day.

4) We must all use alcohol hand-rub between patient contacts.

5) Staff must never use common towels – they are vectors for disease.

5. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. He was asked about the details of the accident. 2. The students were shown the patients of the emergency department. 3. The cast has already been removed. 4. The first aid had been given before the ambulance arrived. 5. The patient was taken to a dressing-room where he was attended by a nurse. 6. When we came into the ward the casualties were being examined by a surgeon. 7. This explosion is much spoken about. 8. The works of Pirogov are often referred to. 9. The lecture was followed by a demonstration of patients. 10. Her condition was influenced by a nervous strain.

6. Change the following sentences into Passive (give 2 variants, if possible):

1. A surgeon put the fractured arm in plaster of Paris. 2. A traumatologist will see you in an emergency room. 3. A doctor is examining a patient with extensive burns now. 4. A nurse gave a wounded soldier an injection of morphia. 5. Sister made blood transfusion to the patient before the operation. 6. We must give first aid to the casualty immediately.

7. Put the verbs in active or passive voice:

Leprosy

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The number of people affected by leprosy worldwide (estimates, is estimated) at around 12 million.

Transmission (is made, makes) through the skin and upper respiratory tract. The incubation period varies from a few months to 40 years.

The earliest description of leprosy (is dated, dates) around 600 BC. In countries where leprosy is epidemic the patient (recognizes, is recognized) by the typical disfigurement of his face, hands and feet.

Leprosy (regarded, was regarded) as a punishment from god and patients (were isolated, isolated) and made social outcasts. In 1960 Mycobacterium leprae (cultured, was cultured) for the first time.

Leprosy (is diagnosed, diagnoses) by painless maculae on the skin; the enlargement of peripheral nerves; the isolation of Mycobacterium leprae (performs, is performed) from the skin.

For over 20 years the mainstay of leprosy treatment was dapsone monotherapy. Some years ago, dapsone resistance enforced a new regimen and therapy consisting of three different drugs (was introduced, introduced).

The role of surgery in treatment of leprosy (limits, is limited). The restoration and replacement of damaged nerves had provided a disappointment though tendon transfers of the hands, feet and eyelids can give good results in selected cases.

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