Palm kernels and coconuts must be cracked and the shell removed before processing can begin.

Motorized hammer mills are available but, for coconuts especially, a hand' held hammer or heavy knife may be more efficient.

5)

Pulp ipgiS¹ jn.d in д/flak j n g|g ra t i n g These processes, which vary according tc фе ^nia*^er'^a^ being used, are usually done by hand with a pestle and mortar and graters. But hand-operated or motorized pulpers, roller mills and hammer «ills are available to reduce the hard work involved and to increase the output

of oil-

Many raw materials, such as groundnuts and sunflower seeds, are heated.jth wafer prior to extraction. This helps to rupture the oil-bearing cells and also ^creases the thickness of the oil allowing it to flow more easily. Seed «-orchers, which are essentially large pans fitted with a stirrer, and drum pasters, help to ensure the seeds, nuts or kernels are heated evenly.

Extraction

The oil-bearing material is now ready for oil extraction. Some basic technical options exist: hot wafer floatation, manual presses, powered expellers and solvent extraction.

Esercise 3. Answer the questions to the text.

7) What is the best way to meet your body's daily requirement for fat?

8) What has excess consumption of saturated fat been associated with?

9) What are the uses of oil?

10) What are the most commonly used extraction methods?

11) What are the conditions of oil storage?

12) Why are Aflatoxins so dangerous?

13) What are main stages in the extraction of oil?

14) What are main stages in the preparation of raw material?

Exercise 4. Corrcct the wrong statements using the following phrases: Idisagree, In my opinion, To my mind, On the contrary, It is considered that...

Expeller pressing is a process that uses manual pressure rather than chemicals,

Natural or unrefined oils will keep from four so six years if stored properly.

There are three main stages in the extraction of oil.

4- Cold pressing is a term sometimes used for expeller pressing at temperatures higher 120 degrees Fahrenheit. _;

■ The by-product of the oil extraction process, known as oil-саке, is also used

^a$ human feed.

• Aflatoxins are very useful to both human and animals if consumed over prolonged period.

• ^t is needed by the body for absorption ofvarious minerals.

6))))))))

15) 6) Some oils also contain omega-3 fatty acids that...

The packaging and storage of oils can...

Many raw materials, such as groundnuts and sunflower seeds,...

Refined or heavily processed oils will...

The first stage of the process sometimes requires...

Are heated with wafer prior to extraction.

The separation of the oil bearing part of the plant.

Keep twice as long.

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