The development of styles in Europe from the 2 страница

department store – n. large shop divided into departments selling different goods

depict – v. 1) represent by or as by drawing, sculpture, painting, etc.; delineate; portray; 2) represent in words; describe

design – n. 1) plan, sketch or preliminary drawing; 2) arrangement or pattern of elements or features of an artistic or decorative work; 3) finished artistic or decorative creation; 4) art of designing; 5) plan, scheme or project. – v. 1) work out the structure or form of something as by making a sketch, outline, pattern or plan; 2) plan and make something artistically or skillfully; 3) form or conceive in the mind; invent

detergent – n. cleansing substance that acts similarly to soap but is made from chemical compounds rather than fats and lye

determining factor – n. argument that is conclusive

diagram – n. plan, sketch, drawing or outline designed to demonstrate or explain how something works or to clarify the relationship between the parts of a whole

digital – n. 1) of digits; 2) representing data as a series of numerical values

digital photography – n. form of photography that utilizes digital technology to make digital images of subjects

dimension – n. (often plural) measurement of the size of something in a particular direction such as the length, width, height or diameter

diminish – v. make or become smaller, fewer or less

director – n. person responsible for the artistic and technical aspects of making a film or television programme

display – n. 1) act of exhibiting or displaying; show; 2) omething exhibited or displayed; 3) arrangement of certain typefaces to give prominence to headings, captions, advertisements, etc. – v. 1) show or make visible; 2) give prominence to (headings, captions, etc.) by the use of certain typefaces

distinguish – v. 1) (often followed by ‘from’, ‘between’)differentiate; see or draw distinctions; 2) be a distinctive feature of; characterize; 3) classify; categorize; 4) make (oneself) noteworthy

documentary photography –n.popular form of photography used to chronicle significant and historical events. Usually refers to a type of professional photojournalism, but it may also be an amateur or student pursuit

drafting – n. systematic representation and dimensional specification of mechanical and architectural structures

drape – v. 1) hang or cover loosely, adorn with cloth, etc.; 2) arrange (hangings, etc.) especially in folds. – n. 1) (often plural) cloth or hanging that covers something in folds; drapery; 2) way in which fabric hangs; 3) (US and Canadian) curtains, especially ones of heavy fabric

draw – n. act of drawing. – v. depict or sketch (a form, figure, picture, etc.) in lines as with a pencil or pen, especially without the use of colour; delineate

drawing – n. 1) picture or plan made by means of lines on a surface, especially one made with a pencil or pen without the use of colour; 2) sketch, plan or outline; 3) art of making drawings; draftsmanship

dress – n. 1) one-piece garment for a woman consisting of a skirt and bodice; 2) complete style of clothing; costume; 3) (modifier) suitable or required for a formal occasion (a dress shirt). – v. 1) put clothes on; attire; 2) decorate or adorn; 3) arrange a display in (e.g. dress a store window); 4) comb out or arrange (the hair) into position

dress code – n. set of rules or guidelines regarding the manner of dress acceptable in an office, restaurant, etc.

dressmaker – n. person whose occupation is making women’s clothes

dry cleaning – n. act of cleaning (clothes, etc.) with solvents without water

duvet – n. thick soft quilt used instead of sheets and blankets

E

easy-to-manage – adj. not difficult, not requiring great effort; one which can be mastered

eclectic – adj. 1) (in art, philosophy, etc.) selecting what seems best from various styles, doctrines, ideas, methods, etc.; 2) composed of elements drawn from a variety of sources, styles, etc.

edit – n. 1) assemble, prepare or modify (written material for publication); 2) be editor (of a newspaper, etc.); 3) prepare (data) for processing by a computer; 4) alter (a text entered in a word processor, etc.)

editorial – adj. 1) of or relating to editing or editors; 2) of, relating to or expressed in an editorial; 3) of or relating to the content of a publication rather than its commercial aspects

editorial photography – n. type of photography which illustrates a story or idea within the context of a magazine

elaborate – adj. 1) intricate and rich in detail; 2) planned or executed with painstaking attention to numerous parts or details

electronic media – n. (plural) media that utilize electronics or electromechanical energy for the end user (audience) to access the content (e.g. video recordings, audio recordings, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, etc.)

element – n. 1) component part; contributing factor; 2) small amount; hint; 3) basic component used by the artist when producing works of art

elements of design (art) – basic components used by the artist when producing works of art. Those elements are colour, value, line, shape, form, texture and space

emboss – v. carve or decorate with a design in relief

embroidery – n. decorative needlework done usually on loosely woven cloth or canvas, often being a picture or pattern

emphasis – n. 1) special importance or significance; 2) object, idea, etc. that is given special importance or significance; 3) vigour or intensity of expression; 4) one of the principles of design (art) which means occurrence of differing elements, such as colour, value, size, etc.

emphasize – v. put emphasis or prominence to, stress

engraved publication – n.1) sheet of paper folded in half to make two leaves for a book or manuscript; 2) book or manuscript of the largest common size made up of such sheets

engraving – n. 1)art or technique of one that engraves; 2) design or text engraved on a surface; 3) engraved surface for printing; 4) print made from an engraved plate or block

enrich – v. 1) make more beautiful; adorn; decorate; 2) improve in quality, colour, flavour, etc.

environment – n. 1) external conditions or surroundings, especially those in which people live or work; 2) operating system, program or integrated suite of programs that provides all the facilities necessary for a particular application

evening dress – n. attire for wearing at a formal occasion during the evening, especially (for men) a dinner jacket and black tie or (for women) a floor-length gown

ever-changing – adj. marked by continuous change or effective action

exaggerate – v. make greater, more noticeable, etc. than usual

exceptional – n. forming an exception; not ordinary

exposure latitude – n. extent to which a light-sensitive material can be over or underexposed and still achieve an acceptable result

Expressionism – n. artistic and literary movement originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century which sought to express emotions rather than to represent external reality. It is characterized by the use of symbolism, exaggeration and distortion

exquisite – adj. 1) characterized by intricate and beautiful design or execution; 2) of such beauty or delicacy as to arouse intense delight; 3) excellent; flawless

F

fabric – n. 1) any cloth made from yarn or fibres by weaving, knitting, felting, etc.; 2) texture of a cloth

fading – n. process of losing brightness, colour or clarity

farthingale – n. support such as a hoop worn beneath a skirt to extend it horizontally from the waist used by European women in the 16th and 17th centuries

fashion – n. 1) style in clothes, cosmetics, behaviour, etc., especially the latest or most admired style; 2) (as modifier) e.g. ‘a fashion magazine’; 3) (modifier) (especially of accessories) designed to be in the current fashion, but not necessarily to last; 3) manner of performance; mode; way; 4) way of life that revolves around the activities, dress, interests, etc. that are most fashionable; 5) shape, appearance or form; 6) sort; kind; type. – v. 1) give a particular form to; 2) make suitable or fitting

fashion designer – n. someone who designs clothing

fashion house – n. establishment in which fashionable clothes are designed made and sold

fashion photography – n. popular genre of photography devoted to displaying clothing and other fashion items. It is most often conducted for advertisements or fashion magazines

fashion plate – n. 1) illustration of the latest fashion in dress; 2) fashionably dressed person

fashion show – n. event put on by a fashion designer to showcase his or her upcoming line of clothing

fashionable – adj. 1) conforming to fashion; in vogue; 2) of or favoured by high society

feather – n. 1) light horny waterproof structure forming the external covering of birds; 2) (plural) dress; attire

feature – n. 1) prominent or distinctive part or aspect as of a landscape, building, book, etc.; 2) item or article appearing regularly in a newspaper, magazine, etc.; 3) item advertised or offered as particularly attractive or as an inducement. – v. 1) inducement; 2) depict or outline the features of

figurative art – n.describes artwork, particularly paintings and sculptures which are clearly derived from real object sources and are therefore representational

filling – n. substance or thing used to fill a space or container

fine art – n.refers to arts that are concerned with a limited number of visual and performing art forms including painting, sculpture, dance, theatre, architecture and printmaking

fine art photography – n. refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative vision of the photographer as artist

fitted sheet – n. sheet (usually with elastic edges) tailored to fit a particular mattress

fitting – n. 1) accessory or part; 2) (plural) furnishings or accessories in a building; 3) act of trying on clothes so that they can be adjusted to fit. – adj. appropriate or proper; suitable

flock – n. 1) tuft as of wool, hair, cotton, etc.; 2) waste from fabrics such as cotton, wool or other cloth used for stuffing mattresses, upholstered chairs, etc.; 3) very small tufts of wool applied to fabrics, wallpaper, etc. to give a raised pattern. – v. fill, cover or ornament with flock

floral design (floristry, flower arranging, floral arrangement, floral art) – n. art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls and baskets or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliage, herbs, ornamental grasses and other botanical materials

floriography (language of flowers) – n. Victorian-era means of communication in which various flowers and floral arrangements were used to send coded messages, allowing individuals to express feelings which otherwise could not be spoken

flower-only outlet – n. store that sells flowers

focal point – n. 1) point on the axis of a lens or mirror to which parallel rays of light converge or from which they appear to diverge after refraction or reflection; 2) portion of an artwork’s composition on which interest or attention centers

folk dance – n. 1) traditional dance originating among the common people of a nation or region; 2) music accompanying such a dance

food photography – n.still life specialization of commercial photography aimed at producing attractive photographs of food for use in advertisement, packaging, menu or cookbook

form – n. 1) shape and structure of an object; 2) design, structure or pattern of a work of art; 3)essence of something; 4) total structure; synthesis of all the visible aspects of that structure and of the manner in which they are united to create its distinctive character (element of design (art)). – v. 1) give shape or form to, or take shape or form, especially a specified or particular shape; 2) come or bring into existence; 3) make, produce or construct, or be made, produced or constructed; 4) be an element of, serve as or constitute

frill – n. 1) decorative edging to a piece of cloth made of a strip of cloth gathered along one side and sewn on; 2) (often in plural) something unnecessary added as decoration. – v. adorn or fit with a frill or frills; 2) form into a frill or frills

frilly – adj. having decorative ruffles or frills

fringe – n. 1) edging consisting of hanging threads, tassels, etc.; 2) ornamental border or margin. – v. 1) adorn or fit with a fringe or fringes; 2) be a fringe for

functional – adj. 1) of, involving or containing a function or functions; 2) practical rather than decorative; utilitarian; 3) capable of functioning; working

fundamental variable – n. essential peculiarity

fur – n. 1) thick coat of soft hair covering the skin of a mammal such as a fox or beaver; 2) hair-covered, dressed pelt of such a mammal used in the making of garments and as trimming or decoration; 3) garment made of or lined with the dressed pelt of a mammal; 4) coating similar to the pelt of a mammal

furnish – v. 1) provide (a house, room, etc.) with furniture, carpets, etc.; 2) equip with what is necessary; fit out; 3) give; supply

furnishings – n. (plural) furniture and accessories including carpets and curtains with which a room, house, etc. is furnished

furniture – n. movable, generally functional articles that equip a room, house, etc.

Futurism – n. artistic movement that arose in Italy in 1909 to replace traditional aesthetic values with the characteristics of the machine age

G

garment – n. 1) (often plural) article of clothing; 2) outer covering

gingham – n. cotton fabric, usually woven of two coloured yarns in a checked or striped design

glamour photography – n.genre of photography whereby the subjects, usually female, are portrayed in a romantic way. It is generally a composed image of a subject in a still position. The subjects of glamour photography are often professional models and the photographs are normally intended for commercial use

gown – n. 1) long loose flowing garment such as a robe or nightgown; 2)long, usually formal dress for a woman

graphic design – n. visual communication by a skillful combination of text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.

grid – n.framework or pattern of criss-crossed or parallel lines

H

hair colouring – n.process or art of dyeing or tinting one’s hair

hair spray – n.sticky, quick-drying liquid sprayed on the hair to keep it in place

hairdresser – n. person whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a person’s image

hairdressing – n. 1) occupation of a hairdresser; 2) act of dressing or arranging the hair; 3) cosmetic or medicinal preparation for dressing the hair

Hanakotoba – n. Japanese language of flowers

hang – v. 1) (of cloth, clothing, etc.) drape, fall or flow, especially in a specified manner; 2) furnish, decorate or appoint by suspending objects around or about; 3) display as in a gallery or office

hard wear – n. elastic, durable and tough clothes

harmony – n. 1) agreement in action, opinion, feeling, etc.; accord; 2)principle of design (art) which refers to the way of combining elements of art to accent their similarities and bind the picture parts into a whole

hat – n. any of various head coverings, especially one with a brim and a shaped crown

haute couture – n. 1) high fashion; 2) leading establishments or designers for the creation of exclusive fashions

headband – n. ribbon or band worn around the head

heavy-duty – adj. made to withstand hard wear, bad weather, etc.

helmet – n. piece of protective or defensive armour for the head worn by soldiers, policemen, firemen, divers, etc.

highlight – n. 1) (often plural) bleached blond streak in the hair; 2) area of the lightest tone in a painting, drawing, photograph, etc.

hook – n. piece of material, usually metal, curved or bent and used to suspend, catch, hold or pull something

horticulture – n. art or science of cultivating gardens

human-computer interaction – n. study of interaction between people (users) and computers. It is often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioural sciences, design and several other fields of study

hypertext markup language (HTML) – n. text description language that is used for electronic publishing, especially on the World Wide Web

I

ideogram – n. sign or symbol that directly represents a concept, idea or thing rather than a word or set of words for it

ikebana – n. Japanese decorative art of flower arrangement

illusion – n. 1) deceptive or misleading image or idea; 2) fine transparent cloth used for dresses or trimmings

illustrate – v. 1) clarify or explain by use of examples, analogy, etc.; 2) be an example or demonstration of; 3) explain or decorate (a book, text, etc.) with pictures

illustration – n. 1) pictorial matter used to explain or decorate a text; 2) example or demonstration; 3) act of illustrating or state of being illustrated

image – n. 1) representationof an object; 2) mental representation or picture; idea produced by the imagination. – v. 1) picture in the mind; imagine; 2) make or reflect an image of; 3) portray or describe; 4) project or display on a screen or visual display unit

imagery – n. 1) set of mental pictures or images; 2) ability to form mental images of things or events

imagination – n. 1) ability or action of producing ideas, especially mental images of what is not present or has not been experienced; 2) mental creative ability

imaging – n. visual representation of an object using different computerized techniques

incorporate – v. 1) unite (one thing) with something else already in existence; 2) give substance or material form to; embody

industrial design – n. art or practice of designing any object for manufacture

information architecture – n.art and science of expressing a model or concept of information used in activities that require explicit details of complex systems. Among these activities are library systems, web development, user interactions, database development, programming, technical writing, enterprise architecture and critical system of software design

infrared camera (thermographic camera) – n. device that forms an image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible light

in-house – adj./adv. within an organization or group

innovative – n. using or showing new methods, ideas, etc.

intensity – n. 1) state or quality of being intense; 2) strength of a colour, especially the degree to which it lacks its complementary colour

interaction design – n.discipline of defining the behaviour of products and systems that a user can interact with. The practice typically centers around complex technology systems such as software, mobile devices and other electronic devices. Interaction design defines the behaviour (interaction) of an artefact or system in response to its users

interior – n. 1) inside of a building or room with respect to design and decoration; 2) picture of the inside of a room or building as in a painting or stage design; 3) film or scene shot inside a building, studio, etc.

interior architecture – n.combines practices of interior design and architecture. The field is similar to architecture as it deals with architectural elements. It is similar to interior design as it focuses on interior spaces

interior design – n. planning and realization of the layout, furnishing and decoration of an architectural interior

interior landscaping – n.decorative and functional modification and planting of grounds, especially at or around a building site

invent – v. create or devise (new ideas, machines, etc.)

invention – n. 1) act or process of inventing; 2) something that is invented; 3) creative power or ability; inventive skill

iron – v. smooth (clothes or fabric) by removing (creases or wrinkles) using a heated iron; press

J

Jack of all trades – person who is competent with many skills but is not outstanding in any one

jacket – n. 1) short coat, especially one that is hip-length and has a front opening and sleeves

jersey – n. 1) knitted garment covering the upper part of the body; 2) machine-knitted slightly elastic cloth of wool, silk, nylon, etc. used for clothing

jewellery – n. objects that are worn for personal adornment such as bracelets, rings, necklaces, etc. considered collectively

K

keyframe – n. (in animation and filmmaking) drawing which defines the starting and ending points of any smooth transition

king-size (queen-size) – adj. very large

knitted – adj. made by intertwining threads in a series of connected loops rather than by weaving

L

label – n. 1) piece of paper, card or other material attached to an object to identify it or give instructions or details concerning its ownership, use, nature, destination, etc.; tag; 2) distinctive name or trademark identifying a product or manufacturer, especially a recording company

lace – n. 1) fine open fabric or trimming made by weaving thread in patterns; 2) cord, etc. passed through holes or hooks for fastening shoes, etc.

lampshade – n. any of various protective or ornamental coverings used to screen a light bulb

landscape photography – n. popular style of photography intended to show different spaces within the world, vast and unending, or microscopic. Photographs typically capture the presence of nature and are often free of man-made obstructions

lapel – n. part of a garment such as a coat or jacket that is an extension of the collar and folds back against the breast

launch – v. formally introduce (a new product) with publicity. – n. act of launching

laundering – n. act of washing clothes and linen (usually with soap and water)

layout – n. 1) arrangement or plan of something such as a building; 2) arrangement of written material, photographs or other artwork on an advertisement or page in a book, newspaper, etc.; 3) act of laying out

leather – n. material consisting of the skin of an animal made smooth and flexible by tanning, removing the hair, etc.; 2) (plural) leather clothes; 3) leather part(s) of a thing

leotard – n. tight-fitting garment covering the body from the shoulders down to the thighs and worn by acrobats, ballet dancers, etc.

light-hearted – adj. 1) cheerful or carefree in mood or disposition; 2) casual

lighting designer – n. one who works with the director, set designer, costume designer, and sometimes the sound designer and choreographer, to create an overall ‘look’ for the show in response to the text while keeping in mind issues of visibility, safety and cost

light-sensitive – adj. (of a surface) having a photoelectric property such as the ability to generate a current, change its electrical resistance, etc. when exposed to light

line – n. 1) element of design (art) which refers to the continuous mark made on some surface by a moving point; 2) mark used to define a shape or represent a contour; 3) any of the marks that make up the formal design of a picture. – v. mark with a line or lines; 2) draw or represent with a line or lines; 3) be or put as a border to (e.g. tulips lined the lawns)

linear perspective – n. form of perspective in drawing and painting in which parallel lines are represented as converging so as to give the illusion of depth and distance

linen – n. 1) hard-wearing fabric woven from flax; 2) clothes, sheets, tablecloths, etc. made from linen cloth or from a substitute such as cotton. – adj. made of linen

living room – n. room in a private residence intended for general social and leisure activities

lock – n. strand, curl or cluster of hair

logo (logogram, logotype) – n. name, symbol or trademark designed by a graphic designer and commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition. Logos are either purely graphic or are composed of the name of the organization

luxurious – adj. 1) characterized by luxury; 2) enjoying or devoted to luxury

M

makeup artist – n. artist who creates makeup and prosthetics for theatrical, television, film and other similar productions including all aspects of the modeling industry

man-made – adj. made or produced by man; artificial

manufacture – n. 1) production of goods, especially by industrial processes; 2) manufactured product; 3) creation or production of anything. – v. 1) make or process (a raw material) into a finished product, especially by means of a large-scale industrial operation; 2) make or process (a product), especially with the use of industrial machines

marketing – n. 1) act or process of buying and selling in a market; 2) commercial functions involved in transferring goods from producer to consumer

mask – n. 1) any covering for the whole or a part of the face worn for amusement, protection, disguise, etc.; 2) image of a face worn by an actor, especially in ancient Greek and Roman drama, in order to symbolize the character being portrayed

mass-produced – adj. produced in quantity often by assembly-line techniques

masterpiece – n. 1) outstanding work, achievement or performance; 2) most outstanding piece of work of a creative artist, craftsman, etc.

material – n. cloth or fabric

mend – v. 1) repair (something broken or unserviceable); 2) improve or undergo improvement; reform

merchandise – n. goods for sale. – v. 1) buy and sell goods; trade commercially; 2) advertise or promote (goods, ideas, etc.)

merchant – n. 1) one whose occupation is the wholesale purchase and retail sale of goods for profit; 2) one who runs a retail business; a shopkeeper

Minimalism (Minimal art, ABC art, Rejective art, Reductivism) – n. 20th century art movement and style stressing the idea of reducing a work of art to the minimum number of colours, values, shapes, lines and textures

model – n. 1) representation, usually on a smaller scale, of a device, structure, etc.; 2) standard to be imitated; 3) representative form, style or pattern; 4) person who poses for a sculptor, painter or photographer; 5) person who wears clothes to display them to prospective buyers; mannequin; 6) preparatory sculpture in clay, wax, etc. from which the finished work is copied; 7) design or style, especially one of a series of designs of a particular product. – v. 1) make a model of (something or someone); 2) form in clay, wax, etc.; mould; 3) display (clothing and accessories) as a mannequin; 4) plan or create according to a model or models

Modernism – n. 20th century trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology or practical experimentation

monochrome – n. 1) black-and-white photograph or transparency; 2) (photography) black and white; 3) picture, especially a painting done in different shades of a single colour

mosaic – n. 1) design or decoration made up of small pieces of coloured glass, stone, etc.; 2) process of making a mosaic

motion design – n. subset of graphic design. It uses graphic design principles in a film or video context through the use of animation or filmic techniques

motto – n. 1) brief statement used to express a principle, goal or ideal; 2) sentence, phrase or word of appropriate character inscribed on or attached to an object

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