Exercise 12. Translate into English the word-combinations in brackets.

1.A neuron (також відомий як нервова клітина) is an electrically excitable cell.

2. (Передача сигналів за допомогою хімічних речовин відбувається) via synapses, specialized connections with other cells.

3. Neurons passing instructions (від нервової системи до інших частин тіла)such as muscles or glands – motor neurons;

4. Nucleus – (містить генетичний матеріал (chromosomes) including information for cell development and synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival.

5. Neurons are (найстаріші та найдовші клітини) in the body.

6. By contrast, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster having around 100,000 neurons (виявляє складну поведінку).

7. The number of neurons in the brain (дуже сильно відрізняється) from species to species.

8. (Проте), data published in November 1998 show that in hippocampus new neurons can grow in adult humans.

Open the brackets using either Participle I or Participle II.

1 Mitochondria are organelles (to produce) energy to fuel cellular activities.

2. He fell asleep (to exhaust) by the treatment.

3. A nurse (to take) a syringe asked whether he had an allergy on Novocain.

4. There are special supporting nerve cells,(to locate) between and around your neurons.

5. Electrical signals (to carry) messages are called nerve impulses.

6. The cells (to specialize) to transmit messages from one part of your body to another are called neurons.

7. The heart deficiency (to reveal) by the radiograph was due to typhus..

8. The (to operate) man was wheeled to the post-operating ward.

9. Nucleolus is an organelle (to produce) ribosomes necessary for translation of genetic information into proteins.

Test

1. A neuron, also known as a nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that …

a) accumulates feeding substances

b) processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.

c) protects human organism from infection

d) are responsible for hormonal secretion

2. Chemical signaling occurs via…

a) nucleolus

b) mitochondria

c) synapses, specialized connections within the cell

d) synapses, specialized connections with other cells

3. Neurons connecting your sensory and motor neurons are called

a) link neurons

b) association neurons

c) transmitting neurons

d) associated neurons

4. Neurons passing information about stimuli such as light, heat or chemicals from both inside and outside your body to your central nervous system are called

a) sensitive neurons

b) sensibility neurons

c) sense neurons

d) sensory neurons

5.In fact, persons have fewer neurons when they are …

a) young compared to when they are old

b)old compared to when they are young

c) growing older

d) die

6. One of estimates puts the human brain …

a) at less than 10 billion neurons and 10 trillion synapses.

b) about 400 billion neurons and 400 trillion synapses.

c) about 100 billion neurons and 100 billion synapses.

d)at about 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses.

7) The number of neurons in the brain…

a) is nearly the same in all species

b) doesn’t depend on the species

c)doesn’t vary dramatically from species to species

d) vary from species to species very much

8. Information for cell development and synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival is contained in…

a)nucleus

b)mitochondria

c) cytoplasm

d) synapses

9. When neurons die they …

a) are immediately replaced by new ones

b) are gradually and completely replaced by new ones

c) are not replaced

d) are replaced by other type of cells

10. Some data show that in adult humans new neurons can grow in …

a) nucleus ruber

b) spinal cord

c) hippocampus

d)cortex

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