Open the brackets using either Participle I or Participle II.

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ДЛЯ МЕДИЧНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ І КУРСУ

Nerve cells

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words.

Neuron [njʊərɒn], peripheral [pə´rif(ə)r(ə)l ] ganglius, survival [sə´vaivəl], via [vaiə], maintenance [´meint(ə)nəns], mitochondria [ˏmaitəu’kɒndriə], hippocampus [hipəu´kæmpəs], exhibit [ig´zibit], cerebellum [ˏseri´beləm], behavior [bi´heivjər]

Exercise 2. Read the following words.

Neuron [njʊərɒn] нейрон, нервова клітина

to include включати в себе

peripheral ganglius (ganglia) периферичні ганглії

electrically excitable що подразнюються електричним струмом

to transmit переносити

to occur via synapses здійснюватися через синапси

pass instructions передавати накази

muscles or glands м’язи або залози

to connect сполучати

survival виживання

cell development розвиток клітини

maintenance підтримка

mitochondrion (mitochondria) [ˏmaitəu’kɒndriə] мітохондрія

hippocampus [hipəu´ kæmpəs] гіпокамп

vary dramatically дуже відрізнятись

estimate оцінка

synapsis (synapses) синапсис

cerebellum мозочок

exhibits many complex behaviors проявляти складну поведінку

Exercise 7. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participles.

1. The prescribed drug was ineffective.

2. Children sleeping in their beds are recovering.

3. Symptoms accompanying flue are fever, muscular pain, vomiting.

4. The wounded arm was bandaged.

5. The X-ray examination was rather disappointing.

6. These drugs left in a dry, dark place are best to be used during 1 year.

7. The blood coming through the lungs is rich in oxygen..

8. Scarlet fever is characterized by rash covering the whole trunk.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text:

Nerve cells

Neurons are the core components of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia. A neuron, also known as a nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells.

Neurons can be divided into three types:

-neurons passing information about stimuli such as light, heat or chemicals from both inside and outside your body to your central nervous system are called sensory neurons.

- neurons passing instructions from your central nervous system to other parts of your body, such as muscles or glands –motor neurons;

- neurons connecting your sensory and motor neurons are called association neurons.

A neuron has many of the same organelles such as mitochondria, cytoplasm and a nucleus, as other cells in the body. Nucleus - contains genetic material (chromosomes) including information for cell development and synthesis of proteins necessary for cell maintenance and survival.

Neurons are the oldest and longest cells in the body. Although other cells die and are replaced, many neurons are never replaced when they die. In fact, persons have fewer neurons when they are old compared to when they are young. On the other hand, data published in November 1998 show that in hippocampus new neurons can grow in adult humans.

The number of neurons in the brain varies dramatically from species to species. One of estimates puts the human brain at about 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses. By contrast, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster having around 100,000 neurons exhibits many complex behaviors.

Exercise 9. Answer the following questions:

1. What does nervous system include?

2. What is neuron?

3. What is the function of a neuron?

4. How does chemical signaling occur?

5. What groups can neurons be divided into?

6. What are the main components of a neuron?

7. What is the main difference between ordinary and nerve cells?

8. What is the number of neurons in human brain? Is it an exact estimate?

Exercise 10. Give the English equivalents to the following word-combinations:

Нервова клітина, оцінка, включати в себе, здійснюватися через синапси, дуже відрізнятись, переносити, проявляти складну поведінку, розвиток клітини, передавати накази, необхідний для забезпечення та виживання клітини, відмирати та заміщуватись, містити генетичну інформацію.

Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Neurons are the core components of the nervous system.

2. A neuron processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.

3. Neurons can be divided into three types:

4. A neuron has many of the same organelles as other cells in the body.

5. In fact, persons have fewer neurons when they are old.

6. The number of neurons in the brain varies dramatically from species to species.

7. One of estimates puts the human brain at about 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses.

8. Nucleus contains genetic material.

Open the brackets using either Participle I or Participle II.

1 Mitochondria are organelles (to produce) energy to fuel cellular activities.

2. He fell asleep (to exhaust) by the treatment.

3. A nurse (to take) a syringe asked whether he had an allergy on Novocain.

4. There are special supporting nerve cells,(to locate) between and around your neurons.

5. Electrical signals (to carry) messages are called nerve impulses.

6. The cells (to specialize) to transmit messages from one part of your body to another are called neurons.

7. The heart deficiency (to reveal) by the radiograph was due to typhus..

8. The (to operate) man was wheeled to the post-operating ward.

9. Nucleolus is an organelle (to produce) ribosomes necessary for translation of genetic information into proteins.

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