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Ex. 11. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 12. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:
Prote_n; po_e; cap_ble; deox_ribonucleic; proce_d; hered_tary; nu_leus; compa_tment; ori_inate; disp_rse; c_tosol; carbo_ydrate; osteocl_st; fu_e; b_und; stra_d; en_lose; ribon_cleic; sur_ound; s_pport; f_ber.
Ex. 13. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Substance; originate; variety; plasma; protein fiber; extracellular; nucleus; cycle; osteoclast; deoxyribonucleic acid; throughout; hereditary; cytoplasm; cytosol; organelle; particular function; manufacture; to separate; unique.
Ex. 14. Read the following text:
CELL
A cell is the structural and functional unit of living organism. Trillions of cells and the substances between them compose the human body. Every cell contains water, protein, carbohydrates, acids, fats, and minerals. All human cells originate from a single fertilized egg, and as differentiation proceeds during embryonic development. Cells specialize and give rise to a wide variety of cell types such as nerve, muscle, bone, fat, and blood cells.
The plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm compose the cell.
The plasma or cell membrane is the outer component of a cell. The plasma membrane consists primarily of lipids and proteins and small amounts of carbohydrates. Substances outside the plasma membrane are extracellular or intercellular, and substances inside it are intracellular. The functions of the plasma membrane are to enclose and support the cell contents and to determine what moves into and out of the cell.
The nucleus is a large membrane-bound structure usually located near the center of the cell. All cells of the body have a nucleus at some point in their life cycle, although some cells such as red blood cells lose their nuclei as they develop. Other cells, such as osteoclasts and skeletal muscle cells, contain more than one nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes separated by a space. At many points on the surface of the nuclear envelope the inner and outer membranes fuse to form pore-like structures, the nuclear pores. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and associated proteins are dispersed throughout the nucleus as thin strands (23 pairs of chromosomes) approximately 4 to 5 nm in diameter. DNA is the hereditary material of the cell. It controls the activities of the cell through ribonucleic acid (RNA). The nucleus directs the cell’s activities.
Cytoplasm, the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane, is approximately half cytosol and half organelles. Cytosol consists of a fluid portion, a cytoskeleton, and cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoskeleton supports the cell and enables cell movements. It consists of protein fibers. Organelles are small structures within cells and are specialized for particular functions such as manufacturing proteins or producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Most organelles have membranes that are similar to the plasma membrane. The membranes separate the organelles from the rest of the cytoplasm, creating a subcellular compartment with its own enzymes and capable of carrying out its own unique chemical reactions. The nucleus is an example of an organelle. Mitochondria are small bodies, produce energy in the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum is a series of canals within the cell. Some canals contain small bodies called ribosomes. They help make substances for the cell.
Diagram of a Typical Cell.
Organelles: (1) nucleolus; (2) nucleus; (3) ribosome; (4) vesicle; (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER); (6) Golgi apparatus; (7) Cytoskeleton; (8) smooth ER; (9) mitochondria; (10) vacuole; (11) cytoplasm; (12) lysosome; (13) centrioles
Ex. 15. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Функціональна одиниця; ембріональний розвиток; ядро (клітини); брати початок, походити, виникати; цитозоль; оточувати; дезоксирібонуклеїновий; розповсюджувати; білок, протеїн; вуглевод; волокно; остеокласт, остеокластоцит; відділення; молекулярний ланцюжок; об'єднувати(ся); обмежувати, ставити межу, стримувати; спадковий.
Ex. 16. Translate the text "Cell".
Ex. 17. Answer the questions:
1. What is the cell? 2. What do all human cells originate from? 3. What is the cell composed of? 4. What is cell membrane? 5. What is the cell membrane composed of? 6. What is the nucleus? 7. What is nucleus surrounded by? 8. What is cytoplasm? 9. What does cytosol consist of? 10. What are organelles?
Ex. 18. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below:
1. Millions of cells and the substances between them compose the human body. 2. The cell consists of the plasma membrane, enzymes, and cytoplasm. 3. The plasma membrane is the inner component of a cell. 4. The plasma membrane consists of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. 5. The function of the plasma membrane is to play a role in the regulation of DNA function. 6. The nucleus is a hollow tubule composed primarily of protein units. 7. The nuclear envelope is composed of two membranes separated by a space. 8. DNA is the hereditary material of the cell. 9. The cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane is osteoclast. 10. The cytoskeleton increases the mechanical stability and flexibility of the plasma membrane.
Ex. 19. Match the following terms with their definitions:
| 1. Cell | 1. Cell membrane; outermost component of the cell, surrounding and banding the rest of cell contents. |
| 2. Plasma membrane | 2. Basic living subunit of all living things. |
| 3. Nuclear envelope | 3. Protein that acts as a catalyst. |
| 4. Nucleus | 4. Macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
| 5. Cytoplasm | 5. Protoplasm of the cell surrounding the nucleus. |
| 6. Lipid | 6. Monosaccharide (simple sugar) or organic molecules composed of monosaccharides bound together by chemical bonds. |
| 7. Protein | 7. Cell organelle containing most of genetic material of the cell. |
| 8. Carbohydrate | 8. Substance composed principally of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; contains a lower ratio of oxygen to carbon and is less polar than carbohydrates. |
| 9. Nuclear pores | 9. Any foreign or other substance containing the nucleus. |
| 10. Cytoplasmic inclusion | 10. Specialized part of a cell serving one or more specific individual functions. |
| 11. Organelle | 11. Pore-like openings in the nuclear envelope where the inner and outer membranes fuse. |
| 12. Enzyme | 12. Double membrane structure surrounding and enclosing the nucleus. |
Ex. 20. Write out key words of the text "Cell".
Ex. 21. Compose the plan to the text "Cell".
Ex. 22. Narrate the text "Cell".
These phrases will help you to narrate the text:
| The text describes... I’d like to start with a description of... It is important to point out that … Let me pass to the description of... The author makes it clear that… In conclusion let me remind again that … It is necessary to make further investigation of … | У тексті описується... Я хотів би розпочати з опису... Важливо вказати, що... Дозвольте перейти до опису... Автор чітко стверджує, що... На завершення дозвольте нагадати знову, що... Необхідно здійснити подальше дослідження... |
Ex. 23. Make up a dialogue "The Structure of the Cell".
Ex. 24. Read and translate the following text:
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