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The history of the railways in Turkey began on 23 September 1856 when, by a decree of the Ottoman Sultan, a British company was awarded the privilege of constructing and operating a 130 km line between Izmir and Aydin. The corporation “National Railways” was established in 1923, when the country became a republic. Today the length of the railway network is 10,361 km, including 8,430 km of main lines and 1,931 km of secondary lines.
In almost 150 years of their history, Turkish Railways have undergone a number of changes. The new strategy includes plans for upgrading the existing lines and stations, modernizing rolling stock. Much is done to create a positive image among the public and attract customers to the railways. As a part of a new strategy, TCDD has purchased and put into operation new, more comfortable passenger carriages such as:
- Fatih Expresi, new Pullman coaches of high comfort level, with aircraft-type seats, air-conditioning and a modern lighting system. Lunch is offered during the journey;
- new coaches designed for modern business travelers. They consist of three double-rooms, a sitting room, a toilet, a bath and an American bar, with the atmosphere of a first class hotel on wheels. Some facilities such as telephone, fax and data modem terminals are also available to passengers;
- special sleeping cars provide the passengers with a high level of comfort and everything to make him feel at home;
- restaurant cars with improved quality Turkish food uphold the railway tradition of hospitality.
A system of different tariffs has been introduced for the different market segments to attract potential customers to the railways. Price reductions and special tours have been arranged for students, teachers, children and families. TCCD has laid special emphasis on tourist-oriented passenger transport organized in close cooperation with tourist agencies. Steam train excursions have been operated in some cities, providing comfortable services in an historical and nostalgic atmosphere. Special steam train tours have also been organized through sites of particular natural beauty.
X. Составьте утверждения, выбрав правильный вариант согласно тексту.
1. The history of the railways in Turkey began…
a) in 1756. b) in 1856. c) in 1923.
2. The first railway line in Turkey was constructed by…
a) a Turkish firm. b) a French firm. c) a British firm.
3. The new strategy of TCDD includes plans for…
a) upgrading all terminals. b) reconstructing signaling equipment. c) modernizing rolling stock.
4. The length of the railway network in Turkey is…
a) 1,931 km. b) 8,430 km. c) 10,361 km.
5. Fatih Expresi are…
a) special sleeping coaches with a high level of comfort. b) restaurant cars with Turkish food. c) new Pullman coaches with aircraft-type seats.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.
1. In spite of the dense fog the train was not late. 2. Diesel locomotives are usually used for shunting because it is not economic to electrify a marshalling yard. 3. An impact-resistant windscreen will reduce the risk of injury to the driver in the case of any accident. 4. The Ukrainian government has decided to resume the construction of the metro, which was stopped because of financial difficulties. A lottery is being organized and 40% of its income will be used to fund the work.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов (to be allowed to; to be able to; to be to; to have to). Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов в английских предложениях и в переводе.
1. Your car is in good condition but you have to replace worn-out tires. 2. Aircrafts are not able to carry a lot in weight and are used mainly for transporting mail, people and valuable goods. 3. We were to leave for England on Saturday but because of the delay with our visas, we had to book tickets for Monday. 4. He was allowed to use the mobile telephone. 5. You will have to throw away the broken umbrella; we will not be able to repair it.
III. Выберите английский эквивалент русского предложения из трёх данных вариантов. Обращайте внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов.
1. Тебе следует научиться водить машину.
a) You have to learn driving a car. b) You are to learn driving a car. c) You should learn driving a car.
2. Завтра можешь не приходить.
a) You need not come tomorrow. b) You must not come tomorrow. c) You can not come tomorrow.
3. Он сможет быстро отремонтировать компьютер.
a) He will be allowed to repair the computer quickly. b) He will have to repair the computer quickly. c) He will be able to repair the computer quickly.
4. Им пришлось уехать вчера.
a) They had to leave yesterday. b) They were allowed to leave yesterday. c) They could leave yesterday.
5. Ей разрешили сдать экзамены досрочно.
a) She was able to take exams in advance. b) She was allowed to take exams in advance. c) She was to take exams in advance.
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