Employment

employment   reflect (v) be self-employed (v)   work freelance (v)   employer fixed-term contract part-time worker   administration

зайнятість, робота за наймом відображати працювати самостійно, не за наймом працювати не за наймом; бути вільним художником наймач, роботодавець строковий контракт робітник, який зайнятий неповний робочий день управління, керування (справами); адміністрація

reject (v) Human resources HR department recruitment staff appraisal welfare     ensure (v) meet the needs (v) job rotation job security

відхиляти персонал, людські ресурси відділ кадрів набір (кадрів) оцінка роботи персоналу соціальне забезпечення; допомога з соціального забезпечення забезпечувати, гарантувати задовольняти потреби зміна робіт гарантія роботи / зайнятос-ті, забезпечення роботою

Work plays a major part in most people's lives. People of all sorts work in business, and the terms businessman and businesswomanreflect this, referring to a wide range of individuals, from the rich and famous to small company owners, from people in large organizations to those who work for themselves.

Businessmen and women are referred to together as businesspeople.

Many people choose to be self-employed (to have their own business) or to work freelance for several employers.

As the labour market becomes more flexible, many employers respond by increasing the number of fixed-term contracts and part-time workers.

In large organizations, administration of people is done by thepersonnel department, although this expression is now sometimes rejected. Companies talk instead about their human resources or HR.

The Human Resources departmentof a company is responsible for planning, recruitment of new people, staff training and development, staff appraisal, welfare, pensions administration and industrial relations. It works to ensure that the right people are available to meet the company's needs.

Some companies move their workers regularly between teams or departments. This is called job rotation. Job security is knowing or feeling that a job will last for a long time.

1 What do we call people working in business? 2 How do employers respond to the flexibility of the labour market? 3 What department is administration of people done by? 4 What is the Human Resources department of a company responsible for? 5 What is job rotation? 6 What is job security? 7 When a person works freelance, does he/she work for him/herself?

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

available rich famous businessman HR department be responsible for staff ensure staff appraisal last fixed-term contract

continue business person personnel department be in charge of performance appraisal wealthy renowned make sure terminal contract personnel obtainable

2 The words in the box frequently occur after "job". Find combinations that mean:

1) an outline of the main aims and tasks of the work done by a particular employee; 2) examining how much money a job is worth and how much the person doing it should be paid; 3) the name of a person's job; 4) a situation where a job is likely to be permanent; 5) dividing a full-time job for one person between two or more part-time employees; 6) it is carried out to examine a particular job in detail

7) a kind of notice put by an organization in a newspaper, company bulletin or on the Internet; 8) the feeling of achievement and enjoyment a worker gets from a job.

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition: 1) a person or company that provides job; 2) the people who work in an organization; 3) having a paid job; 4) without a job; 5) an assessment of the quality of the employee's work; 6) an agreement to employ someone for a limited period only; 7) two or more people working together; 8) the process of interviewing and choosing

people to do a job; 9) personnel, employees; 10) a regular payment made by the state to a person who has retired from a job; 11) someone who works for her/himself and is not employed by a company.

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

Businesswoman, pension, recruitment, flexible, job title, job security, job evaluation, personnel, job satisfaction, job advertisements, job, employment, self-employed.

1 He is out of work and looking for.... 2 He has got a highly-paid... in the oil business. 3 There are several... for administrative staff in today's newspaper. 4 Although the pay is low, there is a high level of.... 5 We cannot afford to lose skilled.... 6 My... is coming up next week. I hope they decide to pay me more money. 7 The union is demanding greater.... 8 My actual... is departmental manager. 9 She is... and always open to new ideas. 10 She is responsible for the... of new staff. 11 After working for the company for 20 years, he was offered a good.... 12 She was a successful..., with her own tourist agency. 13 She used to work for a design agency, but now she is....

5 Fill in the missing prepositions: (on (3), as, out, for, from, of (6), in (3), about)

1 Job rotation has enabled our staff to broaden their range... skills. 2 The fastest growing sector... the labour market is... the employment of women. 3 Could you tell me... the kind... work you are looking...? 4 He has a good job... computers. 5 We are carrying... four job evaluations this week. 6... a result... new technology more workers felt there was a lack... job satisfaction. 7 She finds it difficult to live... her state pension. 8 We must reduce the amount... time and money spent... administration. 9 We get about 30%...

our staff... recruitment agencies. 10. He lost his job and is now... welfare.

6 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: to provide - to secure - to ensure

1 My job... me with the opportunity to meet new people every day. 2 People need a job to... their indepen-

dence. 3 Our company will soon... a full account of its investment activities. 4 I was very pleased with the room you... me with. 5 I... that the house was protected by locking all the doors. 6 My department... advice for those who plan to set up a business. 7 The company has... all the workers who use dangerous machines. 8 She has...a good job. 9 I can't...that he will be there in time. 10 Can you...me two good seats for the show?

Grammar: Past Perfect – Минулий доконаний час (1)

had + Past Participle (V₃ / V_ed)

Минулий доконаний час виражає дію в минулому, яка сталася до іншої дії в минулому.

The plane had already left when we arrived at the airport. – Літак вже злетів, коли ми приїхали в аеропорт.

Якщо події в реченні або тексті подані не в хронологічному порядку, минулий доконаний час допомагає визначити, яка з дій сталася першою.

Дія 2 Дія 1
When we got home, John had cooked a meal. – Коли ми прийшли додому, Джон (вже) приготував їжу.

Порівняйте вживання минулого простого і минулого доконаного часів у наступних реченнях.

When we arrived, Anna made some coffee. (Спочатку ми приїхали, а потім Анна зробила каву.)

When we arrived, Anna had made some coffee. (Анна зробила каву до того, як ми приїхали.)

Ex.1. Choose the correct variant:

1 He established/had established his business in 2001. 2 I was late for the company meeting because I missed/had missed the 6 o'clock bus. 3 She entered the University after she graduated/had graduated from the business school. 4 We arrived late at the stadium and the football match had started/started. 5 When we came back to the hall, the guests left/had left. 6 Her face was familiar, I met/had met her at the university before. 7 Most of the delegates arrived/had arrived by the time I got there. 8 The general manager reported that our company had/had had a successful year. 9 Before these two companies merged, their profit was/had been very low. 10 The plane left/had left when we arrived at the airport.

Ex.2. Complete the sentences using the Past Perfect Simple or Past Simple form of the verbs in brackets:

1 He already (work) in business before he (join) our company. 2 We (win) a controlling share of the company before they (go) out of business. 3 They just (start) their business when we worked out a programme of restructuring. 4 As soon as this company (be privatized) their expenditures increased. 5 After they (invest) in this business, our share prices (go) up. 6 They (decide) to work together and (form) a joint venture. 7 As soon as our business (expand) we (begіn) to buy shares in other companies. 8 Several years ago these two companies (form) a joint venture but they (remain) separate legal entities. 9 The regulations (change) before we (take) over this company. 10 When they (make a bid) for a computer company they (be) ready to buy it at that price. 11 They (fire) him before he (have) a chance to explain anything.

Ex.3. Correct the mistakes where necessary:

1 We met many times and reached an agreement at last. 2 When had you heard about the takeover? 3 We decided to replace our equipment because it became old. 4 Before he became bankrupt he sold most of his shops. 5 We did a lot of work with our clients before the board of directors introduced new regulations. 6 The business had undergone major reorganization by the end of the year. 7 After we had introduced new technology our business had become more efficient and profitable. 8 Before he invested in this business he studied the financial statement carefully. 9 It had been one of the most reliable companies in the service sector. 10 He developed his business plan better than we had expected.

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