14. By now I have an idea of the basic economic categories, such as demand and supply, dependence between price and quality of goods, inflation rate, unemployment, and so on.
15. I hope I’ll be able to get profound knowledge and practical skills when I become a university student.
16. In addition to my family’s role in choosing the profession, I should say that it was also determined by the general situation in the country and a high demand for well trained specialists.
17. My true desire is to contribute to the process of bringing Belarus to market economy and turning it into a country with a high living standard.
18. Belarus - as a country in the very centre of Europe - must be an equal partner with the rest of the world.
19. I believe that my knowledge of English is also going to play its role here.
11. Мой отец работает в реальном секторе экономики, и я многое слышал от него о развитии промышленности и экономики Беларуси в целом.
12. Я благодарен моим родителям и учителям за то, что они привлекли мое внимание к основным проблемам экономической ситуации в Беларуси.
13. Именно это наряду с регулярным чтением обзоров и аналитических статей из «Белгазеты» помогло мне остановить свой выбор на области, связанной с бизнесом и экономикой.
14. К настоящему времени у меня есть представление об основных экономических категориях, таких как спрос и предложение, зависимость между ценой и качеством товаров, уровень инфляции, безработица и т.д.
15. Я надеюсь, что смогу получить глубокие знания и практические навыки, когда стану студентом университета.
16. Кроме роли семьи в выборе профессии, я бы сказал, что он был обусловлен общей ситуацией в стране и большим спросом на хорошо подготовленных специалистов.
17. Моим искренним желанием является внести свой вклад в процесс перехода Беларуси к рыночной экономике и превращению ее в страну с высоким жизненным уровнем.
18. Беларусь - страна в самом центре Европы - должна быть равным партнером мирового сообщества.
19. Я полагаю, что мои знания английского языка также сыграют здесь свою роль.
20. It’s common knowledge that English is now a number one language of international communication, especially in business,
21. We all understand that Belarus deserves a better future, and I feel I’ll be able to help making positive changes based on the experience of other countries.
22. To conclude, I’d like to say that whatever profession we choose, it’s positive attitude to work and people that makes a difference.
20. Общеизвестно, что английский язык в настоящее время занимает ведущее место в международном общения, особенно в сфере бизнеса.
21. Мы все понимаем, что Беларусь заслуживает лучшего будущего, и у меня есть ощущение, что я смогу оказать помощь в проведении положительных изменений, основанных на опыте других стран.
22. В заключение я бы хотел сказать, что какую бы профессию мы ни выбрали, основной фактор перемен - это позитивное отношение к работе и людям.
TEXT FOR COMPREHENSION
TASK 1
Read the text
§ 1. The nightmare for parents used to be that their children might be among the 20 per cent of teenagers who experimented with hash in the sixties. Now they have more justification for worrying if they suspect whisky as a free-time activity. Youngsters who used to meet in coffee bars and youth clubs now gather in licensed discos. Where they used to buy straight orange or Coke, now they spike it with vodka or rum.
§ 2, Convictions for drunkenness among the under-18s more than doubled in the past ten years to nearly 5,500 a year - and that ’s just the tip of the iceberg.
§ 3. In a report for the Medical Council On Alcoholism, researcher Ann Hawker found that one in four boys and one in six girls in the 13 to 15 age group had been very drunk at least once in the past year; and more than 90 per cent of 13-year-olds had already tried alcohol.
§ 4. The law is quite clear: it’s illegal for anyone under 18 to buy alcohol in a bar; for anyone else to buy them a drink in a bar; or for the owner of a bar to allow them to drink alcohol. But that doesn’t seem to bother teenagers. Л Which? magazine survey reported last year that the law is being broken on a colossal scale by 15- to 17-year-olds. Nearly two-thirds of those who drank said that every pub in their area would serve them. About three-quarters said every supermarket in the area let them buy alcohol.
§ 5. ‘Boys confuse drinking with manliness.’ explains Peter Rorstad, director of the North East Council on Alcoholism. ‘Normal drinking here is five to eight pints a night. Their dads do it, so it gets to be a sign of adulthood.’
§ 6. One of the most frightening trends is that girls are catching up. Among problem drinkers there used to be five men to every woman. Now it’s only two men to one woman. The girls start drinking because the pubs are where they find the boys. Then they get to like alcohol for its own sake.
§ 7. Head teachers are unwilling to talk of the problem, though the National Association Of Head Teachers has asked them to share their experiences. ‘If we talk of it openly, it could spread like wildfire. Children love to be in on anything that is all the rage.’ the head of a London comprehensive [school] told me.
§ 8. ‘We managed to get rid of the drug craze by hammering it home that drugs were criminal and dangerous. How can you convince a child that alcohol can be just as harmful when it’s such a normal part of society?’
§ 9. Whatever children learn or don’t learn at school, it is at home that they first see people drinking. Says Dr Anthony Clare of the Institute of Psychiatry: ‘I don’t think teenagers are drinking more because they’re more worried, frustrated or depressed than they used to be, but because the adults around them are drinking more. If they see their parents reaching for a bottle in moments of stress, then when school exams come along, or they’re nervous before a first date, they’ll do the same.’
From Woman
TASK 2
Choose the correct answer.
1. What is the most important information given in the first paragraph?
A Nowadays there is a drinking problem among young people.
В Parents keep worrying about their children taking drugs rather than about their drinking.
С The free-time activities of young people are not so harmless as they think.
D More and more parents realize that their children take to drinking.
2. Why does the writer add the information in paragraph two?
A To illustrate the seriousness of the drinking problem among the young.
В To make it clear why more and more youngsters take to drinking.
С To point out that more and more youngster will be convicted for drunkenness in the future.
D To stress the fact that there is a criminal side to the drinking problem among the young,
3. Why is Ann Hawker’s report mentioned in § 3?
A It gives further information about teenagers’ drinking.
В It has revealed that 5,500 teenagers a year are convicted for drunkenness.
С It shows that there is no cure for alcoholism.
D It shows that young people drink for the experience of getting drunk.
4. The last two sentences of § 4 make it clear that...
A 15- to 17-year-olds spend most of their money on alcohol.
В many barmen and shopkeepers act against the law.
С nearly two thirds of 15- to 17-year-olds drink alcohol.
D teenagers now drink more than they used to.
5. Why do boys drink, according to Peter Rorstad (§ 5)?
A It makes them look older in the eyes of grown-ups.
В It shows they are not afraid of their fathers.
С They think it makes them look grown-up.
D They want to prove that alcohol has little effect on them.
6. Why do most girls start drinking in Britain?
A To attract the attention of boys.
В To feel more important.
С To cope with stress.
D To experience a new feeling,
7. What is frightening to Peter Rorstad (§ 6)?
A That boys are making girls drink more than is good for them.
В That boys drink more when there are girls around.
С That girls have started drinking on a much larger scale,
D That men have far greater drinking problems than women.
8. Why, according to the head teacher of a London comprehensive, are head teachers unwilling to talk of the problem? (§ 7)
A They don’t think they can help their pupils to overcome the problem. В They fear that it will only encourage the young to drink.
С They fear that they will be blamed for the problem.
D They think it will make them lose the confidence of their pupils.
9. In what respect is alcoholism different from drug taking?
A Alcoholism is less harmful to society than drug taking.
В Alcoholism is not a problem among young people, but among people of all ages.
С Drinking is socially accepted, whereas drug taking is not.
D Drug taking leads more often to criminal behaviour.
10. What does Dr Clare say in § 9 about young people?
A They drink especially in moments of stress.
В They drink following their parents’ example.
С They get the drink mainly from their parents.
D They have, in fact, less reason for drinking than they used to.
TASK 3
Choose the right synonym of the word according to the text.
1. justification (§ 1)
A fairness В reason С legal grounds
2. conviction (§ 2)
A conclusion В consideration С verdict
3. manliness (§ 5)
A manhood В masculinity С reservation
4. all the rage (§ 7)
A indignant В in fashion С informal
5. to hammer (§ 8)
A to warn В to inform С to explain
6. frustrated (§ 9)
A frightened В disappointed С stressed
TASK 4
Choose the right variant of translation according to the text
1. Youngsters who used to meet in coffee bars and youth clubs now gather in licensed discos. (§ 1)
А Молодые люди, которые привыкли встречаться в кафе и молодежных клубах, сейчас собираются в лицензированных дискотеках.
В Молодежь, которая привыкла встречаться в кафе-барах и молодежных клубах, сейчас встречается в привилегированных дискотеках.
С Молодежь, которая раньше встречалась в кафе и молодежных клубах, сейчас встречается на дискотеках, имеющих право продажи алкогольных напитков.
2. But that doesn’t seem to bother teenagers. (§ 4)
А Но это не кажется подросткам проблемой.
В Но это не должно беспокоить подростков.
С Но это, похоже, не волнует подростков.
3. Nearly two-thirds of those who drank said that every pub in their area would serve them. (§4)
А Почти две трети из тех, кто пил, сказали, что каждый бар в их области обслужит их.
В Почти две трети из тех, кто пил, сказали, что их обслуживали в любом баре в их районе.
С Почти две трети пьющих подростков говорили о том, что их бы стали обслуживать в любом баре их района.
4. Then they get to like alcohol for its own sake. (§ 6)
А Тогда они получают алкоголь в чистом виде.
В Затем они привыкают непосредственно к самому алкоголю.
С Потом им начинает нравиться алкоголь сам по себе.
• ■.rfSE>V-"
UN
MY HOME COUNTRY - BELARUS
Section 1: TOPIC FOR DISCUSSION
MY HOME COUNTRY - BELARUS | МОЯ СТРАНА-БЕЛАРУСЬ |
1. Hello, I’m Natasha Т., and I’d like to tell you about my home country, the Republic of Belarus. 2. First, I’ll give some general information about Belarus, then I’ll talk about its history, after that I’ll comment on the present situation in the country and finally I’ll share with you my views of the country’s future development. 3. White Russia - Byelorussia - Belarus: these are the recent names of our country that is located right in the centre of Europe. 4. It’s a country with ten million people who live in six regions called oblasts, with the capital Minsk. 5. The territory of Belarus is 207.6 (two hundred and seven point six) thousand square kilometres, which is almost as large as that of Britain. 6. Belarus borders on Russia in the East, the Ukraine in the South, Poland in West, and Latvia and Lithuania in the North and North-West. 7. Belarus is a land-locked country, meaning that is has no access to sea, but we’ve got plenty of rivers and lakes all over. | 1. Здравствуйте, я Наташа Т., и мне хотелось бы рассказать вам о своей стране - Республике Беларусь. 2. Сначала я дам общую информацию о Беларуси, затем расскажу о ее истории, после этого прокомментирую современное положение в стране и, наконец, поделюсь своими взглядами на ее будущее развитие. 3. Белая Русь - Белоруссия - Беларусь: это всё названия нашей страны, которая расположена в центре Европы. 4. Это страна с населением 10 миллионов человек, которые проживают в шести областях со столицей городом Минском. 5. Территория Беларуси - 207,6 тысяч квадратных километров, что почти равно территории Великобритании. 6. Беларусь граничит с Россией на востоке, с Украиной на юге, с Польшей на западе и с Латвией и Литвой на севере и северо-западе. 7. Беларусь не имеет выхода к морю, но у нас много рек и озер по всей стране. |
8. The rivers of Belarus belong to the basins of two seas — the Black Sea (for example, the Dnepr, the Sozh, and the Berezina) and the Baltic Sea (for example, the Neman and the Western Dvina).
9. The climate of the country is moderate, but perhaps due to the global warming we’ve had drought [draut] quite often in summer recently.
10. Belarus has always been on the crossroads of trade routes, that’s why it was ruined by invaders over the years of its history.
11. The years of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (or the Great Lithuanian Principality) are considered to be the Golden Age for Belarus due to the role of such enlighteners as Skaryna, Husouski, Budny, the Radziville family and others.
12. In those years the Old Belarusian language was the official language of the Grand Duchy, and a convincing evidence to it is the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania printed in 1588.
13. After the third partition of Poland the Grand Duchy in late 181h century, Belarus became part of the Russian Empire, and for many years the identity of Belarusians was very hard to maintain.
14. That’s the kind of legacy that independent Belarus got from the Russian Empire and - to a lesser extent - from the USSR.
15. I think that in the 20th century Belarus suffered from such major disasters as World War I, collectivization of farmers, World War П, and the explosion of the Chernobyl nuclear power station.
8. Реки Беларуси относятся к бассейнам двух морей - Черного моря (например, Днепр, Сож и Березина) и Балтийского моря (например, Неман и Западная Двина).
9. Климат Беларуси - умеренный, но, видимо, из-за глобального потепления летом у нас последнее время часто бывает засуха.
10. Беларусь всегда находилась на перепутье торговых путей, поэтому за все годы существования ее не раз разрушали захватчики.
11. Годы Великого княжества Литовского (ВКЛ) считаются золотым веком Беларуси благодаря той роли, которую сыграли такие просветители, как Скорина, Гусовский, Будный, семья Радзивиллов и другие.
12. В те годы старобелорусский язык был официальным языком Великого княжества, и убедительным свидетельством тому является Статут (Устав) ВКЛ, напечатанный в 1588 году.
13. После третьего раздела Польши и ВКЛ в конце 18-го века Беларусь стала частью Российской Империи, и в течение многих лет белорусам трудно было поддерживать в себе чувство национальной принадлежности.
14. Вот какое наследие независимая Беларусь получила от Российской Империи и - в меньшей степени - от СССР.
15. Я думаю, что в 20-м столетии Беларусь больше всего пострадала от таких огромных потрясений (трагедий), как Первая и Вторая мировые войны, коллективизация крестьянства и взрыв на Чернобыльской АЭС.
16. All of them threw Belarus back for several decades, and the after- math of Chernobyl is going to be with us for many years to come, with serious social and health problems for the population.
17. In the former Soviet Union, Belarus was a relatively better off republic, which due to lack of raw materials was considered to be the country’s assembly shop.
18. What I mean is that a lot of raw materials and spare parts were brought to Belarus from all over the USSR and various kinds of machinery, TV-sets, tractors, harvester combines, motorcycles, bicycles and so on and so forth were manufactured here.
19. With the collapse of the USSR the ties between enterprises that were maintained on the basis of the command economy were by and large broken.
20. At present Belarus is an economy in transition, with the new market mechanisms being introduced.
21. The market reforms under way are sure to lead Belarus to equal relations with the rest of the world.
22. What we need is to be integrated in the international community and become part of Europe - as a democracy, a stable economy and a reliable trade partner.
23. We all deserve a better life, and
I hope we’ll have all grounds to be proud of our country.
24. As far as 1 am concerned, I really want to contribute to the development of Belarus and I’ll try my best to do it.
16. Все вместе они отбросили Беларусь на несколько десятилетий назад, а последствия Чернобыля останутся с нами на многие годы с серьезными проблемами в социальной сфере и здравоохранении.
17. В бывшем Советском Союзе Белоруссия была относительно благополучной республикой, которую из-за отсутствия сырьевой базы считали сборочным цехом страны.
18. Я имею в виду то, что в Беларусь привозили большое количество сырья и запчастей для производства различного оборудования, телевизоров, тракторов, комбайнов, мотоциклов, велосипедов и так далее и тому подобного.
19. С распадом СССР связи между предприятиями, которые поддерживались с помощью плановокомандной экономики, в основном были разрушены.
20. В настоящее время Беларусь является страной с переходной экономикой, где постепенно вводятся новые рыночные механизмы.
21. Рыночные реформы, проводимые сейчас в Беларуси, непременно приведут ее к равноправным отношениям с остальным миром.
22. Нам необходимо интегрироваться в мировое сообщество и стать частью Европы в качестве демократической страны со стабильной экономикой, которая может быть надежным торговым партнером.
23. Мы все заслуживаем лучшей жизни, и я надеюсь, у нас будут все основания гордиться своей страной.
24. Что касается меня, я действительно хочу внести свой вклад в развитие Беларуси и сделаю все возможное для этого.
Find the English equivalents of the following Russian expressions and put them down in the right-hand column:
- сначала..затем..после этого и наконец...
- расположена прямо в центре Европы
- граничит с..,
- страна, не имеющая выхода к морю
- реки Беларуси принадлежат бассейнам двух морей
- климат Беларуси - умеренный
- видимо, из-за глобального потепления
- в последнее время часто была засуха летом
- Беларусь всегда находилась на перекрестке торговых путей
- период Великого княжества Литовского - золотой век...
- старобелорусский язык был официальным языком ВКЛ
- убедительным свидетельством этому является Статут (Устав)
- после третьего раздела Польши и ВКЛ...
- трудно было поддерживать национальное самосознание
- вот такое наследие получила независимая Беларусь
- в меньшей степени от СССР
- пострадала от таких основных трагедий, как...
- отбросили Беларусь на несколько десятилетий
- последствия Чернобыля останутся с нами
- в бывшем Советском Союзе
- относительно преуспевающая республика
- из-за отсутствия сырьевой базы (сырья)
- считалась сборочным цехом страны
- я имею в виду, что много сырья и комплектующих деталей
- здесь производилось всевозможное оборудование...
- с распадом СССР
- были прерваны связи между предприятиями
- которые поддерживались плановой (командной) экономикой
- Беларусь - страна с переходной экономикой
- вводятся рыночные механизмы
- проводимые рыночные преобразования
- непременно приведут Беларусь к равноправным отношениям
- нам необходимо стать составной частью (интегрироваться)
- международное сообщество
- надежный торговый партнер
- мы все заслуживаем лучшей жизни
- у нас будут все основания
- что касается меня...
- внести свой вклад в развитие
- сделаю все возможное
TASK 2
Answer the following questions for self-control:
1. Where is the Republic of Belarus situated?
2. What countries does Belarus border on?
3. What is the populat ion of Belarus?
4. How did the country’s geographical position influence its history?
5. What major disasters did Belarus experience in the 20,h century?
6. Why was Belarus called “an assembly shop” in the Soviet period?
7. What is the present economic situation in Belarus?
8. What is meant by socially oriented market economy?
9. What can attract more investments to Belarus and raise its living standard?
10. 
What is your idea of the future development for Belarus?
§ 3. True, hotel prices are high and the package-tour operators do not seem able to work in Switzerland the cost-cutting miracles that arc common elsewhere. Camping does not appeal to everybody. We found self-catering, in a flat, an acceptable compromise and managed two weeks in August (four in family) on about £750. Not cheap, but comparable with package-tours to other European destinations.
§ 4. To achieve this we had to do a bit of advance planning. Having chosen our resort - Samedan in the Upper Engadine - we wrote to the local tourist office asking for some addresses. Armed with these, we soon found a two- room flat (belonging to a coppersmith) in the centre of the village for £105 per week. (An agency would save you time but the same sort of accommodation might cost more).
§ 5. Next move was to book a Fly-Rail ticket. With this ticket you can leave your car at home and enjoy a remarkable travel deal - a scheduled flight to Switzerland and back, plus unlimited use of Swiss railways and buses (generous reductions on cable cars, too).
§ 6. One reason we chose to stay in Samedan was its good railway connections. Another was that accommodation is cheaper than in its glamorous neighbours, Pontresina and St. Moritz. At 5,600 feet the mountain scenery is glorious, and it doesn’t get too hot in August.
§ 7. Among the wealth of (free) excursions I would specially recommend a trip on the Bernina rail line (highest pass line open all year round in Europe) from Samedan down to Tirano in Italy. Your ticket is also valid on the post bus linking St. Moritz with Lugano via Lake Como.
§ 8. Deligthful walks include one along the mountainside from Punt Muragl to the centre of Pontresina, marvellous on a fine day, and of course a guided ramble in the Swiss National Park (£3.25). Our children were thrilled to see mountain goats and an eagle for the first time.
From The Observer
TASK 2
Choose the correct answer.
1. What is implied in the first sentence?
The British have...
A discovered the attractions of Switzerland through the Queen's visit.
В hardly done anything to maintain good relations with Switzerland.
С not considered Switzerland as a country for a holiday for a long time. D shown little interest in the Queen's holiday in Switzerland.
2. In the sentence ‘It isn’t that the Swiss prices have not changed... ‘ (§ 2) the writer means to give a reason why...
A Britain is not attractive to Swiss tourists.
В going on holiday has become very expensive for the British.
С it is an exaggeration to say that Switzerland is cheaper than Britain.
D Switzerland has come more within the reach of British holidaymakers.
3. What is it that people also ‘seem to overlook’ (§ 2)?
The fact that...
A Switzerland can be reached quickly and efficiently.
В Switzerland’s places of interest can all be reached quite easily.
С going to Switzerland by public transport is much cheaper than going by car.
D travelling to and in Switzerland can be quite cheap.
4. What is said about the ‘package-tour operators’(§ 3)?
A They achieve cost-cutting miracles by making their clients pay before they leave for Switzerland.
В They are not allowed to organise holidays in Switzerland for British tourists.
С They cannot compete with the prices that other organisations charge for Swiss holidays.
D They cannot offer Swiss holidays as cheaply as holidays to other countries.
5. The writer mentions camping in § 3 as...
A a cheap way of going on holiday.
В a suitable activity for young families.
С a way of being as free as possible.
D something that makes a holiday adventurous.
6. What kind of compromise was reached by the writer’s family (§ 3)?
A compromise between...
A a cheap and an expensive way of holiday making.
В a simple and a luxurious package-tour,
С going on holiday for a short period and going for a long period.
D going with all the family and the parents going alone.
7. How did the writer’s family manage to find a two-room flat (§ 4)?
A By asking the Samedan tourist office to book it for them.
В By contacting the owner whose address they had got from the Samedan tourist office.
С By going around Samedan visiting the addresses they had received from the local tourist office.
D By making use of the services of the tourist office in their own town.
8. What can be said about holders of a Fly-Rail ticket going by bus in Switzerland (§ 5)?
A They get a generous reduction.
В They get a reduction when there is no railway connection.
С They have to pay the full fare.
D They need not buy any bus ticket.
9. What is said about Pontresina and St. Moritz (§ 6)?
A They are more expensive than Samedan.
В They are situated at 5,600 feet.
С Their climate is very hot in summer.
D Their railway connections are worse than Samedan’s.
10. The writer uses the words ‘marvellous on a fine day’ (§ 8) to illustrate his feelings about
A a particular walk in the region where he was staying.
В a self-catering holiday in Switzerland.
С the centre of Pontresina.
D the summer in Switzerland.
TASK 3
Choose the right synonym of the word according to the text
1. to overlook (§ 2)
A to observe В to watch С to miss
2. bargain (§ 2)
A deal В trade С change
3. to appeal to (§ 3)
A to beg В to attract С to apply
4. self-catering (§ 3)
A self-service В self-reliability С self-dependence
5. to be thrilled (§ 8)
A to be horrified В to be excited С to be frightened
6. ramble (§ 8)
A trip
В travelling С walk
Choose the right variant of translation according to the text
1. Perhaps it needed the Queen’s visit to Switzerland last week to remind
British holiday-makers that it’s still there. (§1)
А Возможно, для этого нужен был визит королевы в Швейцарию на прошлой неделе, чтобы напомнить британским отдыхающим, что она еще есть.
В Возможно, понадобился визит королевы в Швецию на прошлой неделе, чтобы напомнить британским турагентам, что все по- прежнему.
С Возможно, королеве нужно было прибыть с визитом в Швейцарию на прошлой неделе, чтобы напомнить британским туристам, что эта страна по-прежнему существует.
2. Prices have put it out of reach for so long. (§1)
А Цены надолго сделали ее возможным лишь для богатых.
В Цены сняли ее с повестки дня на долгое время.
С Из-за цен она на долгое время стала недоступной.
3. To achieve this we had to do a bit of advance planning. (§ 4)
А Достижение этого потребовало немного предварительного планирования.
В Чтобы добиться этого, нам пришлось заранее запланировать кое-что.
С Достигнув это, мы должны были немного заняться планированием наперед.
4. Our children were thrilled to see mountain goats and an eagle for the first time. (§ 8)
А Наши дети были поначалу в ужасе от вида горных козлов и орла.
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