Numerals, dates, and weights and measures

Cardinal numbers (количественные числительные)

1 one	11 eleven	21 twenty-one	31 thirty-one etc
2 two	12 twelve	22 twenty-two	40 forty
3 three	13 thirteen	23 twenty-three	50 fifty
4 four	14 fourteen	24 twenty-four	60 sixty
5 five	15 fifteen	25 twenty-five	70 seventy
6 six	16 sixteen	26 twenty-six	80 eighty
7 seven	17 seventeen	27 twenty-seven	90 ninety
8 eight	18 eighteen	28 twenty-eight	100 a hundred
9 nine	19 nineteen	29 twenty-nine	1,000 a thousand
10 ten	20 twenty	30 thirty	1,000,000 a million

400 four hundred 140 a/one hundred and forty 1,006 a/one thousand and six

5,000 five thousand 260,127 two hundred and sixty thousand, one hundred and twenty-seven

Points to notice about cardinal numbers

A When writing in words, or reading, a number composed of three or more figures we place “and” before the word denoting tens or units:

713 seven hundred and thirteen 5,102 five thousand, one hundred and two but

6,100 six thousand, one hundred (no tens or units)

and is used similarly with hundreds of thousands:

320,410 three hundred and twenty thousand, four hundred and ten

and hundreds of millions: 303,000,000 three hundred and three million

В “a” is more usual than “one” before hundred, thousand, million etc., when these numbers stand alone or begin an expression:

100 a hundred 1,000 a thousand 100,000 a hundred thousand

We can also say a hundred and one, a hundred and two etc. up to a hundred and ninety-nine and a thousand and one etc. up to a thousand and ninety-nine. Otherwise we use “one”, not “a”. So:

1,040 a/one thousand and forty but 1,140 one thousand, one hundred and forty

С The words hundred, thousand, million and dozen, when used of a definite number, are never made plural:

six hundred men ten thousand pounds two dozen eggs

If however, these words are used loosely (неопределенно), merely to convey the idea of a large number, they must be made plural: hundred s of people thousand s of birds dozen s of times

Note also that in this case the preposition of is placed after hundreds, thousands etc.

“of” is not used with definite numbers except before the/them/ these/those or possessives:

six of the blue ones ten of these four of Tom's brothers

D Numbers composed of four or more figures are divided into groups of three as shown above. Decimals are indicated by '•', which is read 'point': e.g. 10•92 ten point nine two

A zero after a decimal point is usually read 'nought': e.g. 8 • 04 eight point nought four

But “o” [əʊ] and 'zero' would also be possible.

Ordinal numbers

first	eleventh	twenty-first	thirty-first etc
second	twelfth	twenty-second	fortieth
third	thirteenth	twenty-third	fiftieth
fourth	fourteenth	twenty-fourth	sixtieth
fifth	fifteenth	twenty-fifth	seventieth
sixth	sixteenth	twenty-sixth	eightieth
seventh	seventeenth	twenty-seventh	ninetieth
eighth	eighteenth	twenty-eighth	hundredth
ninth	nineteenth	twenty-ninth	thousandth
tenth	twentieth	thirtieth	millionth

When writing in words or reading fractions other than ½ (a half) and ¼ (a quarter), we use a combination of cardinal and ordinal numbers:

1/5 a/one fifth 1/10 a/one tenth (a is more usual than one) 3/5 three fifths 7/10 seven tenths

A whole number + a fraction can be followed directly by a plural noun:

2 ¼ miles = two and a quarter miles

½ (half) can be followed directly by a noun but other fractions require of before a noun:

half a second but a quarter of a second

half + of can also be used, but the of is optional: e.g. Half (of) my earnings go in tax.

Points to notice about ordinal numbers (порядковые числительные)

A Notice the irregular spelling of fifth, eighth, ninth and twelfth.

B When ordinal numbers are expressed in figures the last two letters of the written word must be added (except in dates):

first = 1st	second = 2nd	third = 3rd	fourth = 4th
twenty-first = 21st	forty-second = 42nd	sixty-third = 63rd	eightieth = 80th

С In compound ordinal numbers the rule about and is the same as for compound cardinal numbers: 101st = the hundred and first.

The article the normally precedes ordinal numbers: the sixtieth day the fortieth visitor

Titles of kings etc. are written in Roman figures: Charles V James III Elizabeth II

But in spoken English we use the ordinal numbers preceded by “the”:

Charles the Fifth James the Third Elizabeth the Second

Dates

The days of the week	The months of the year
Sunday (Sun.)	January (Jan.) July
Monday (Mon.)	February (Feb.) August (Aug.)
Tuesday (Tues.)	March (Mar.) September (Sept.)
Wednesday (Wed.)	April (Apr.) October (Oct.)
Thursday (Thurs.)	May November (Nov.)
Friday (Fri.)	June December (Dec.)
Saturday (Sat.)

Days and months are always written with capital letters.

Dates are expressed by ordinal numbers, so when speaking we say:

March the tenth, July the fourteenth etc. or the tenth of March etc. They can, however, be written in a variety of ways; e.g. March the tenth could be written:

March 10 10 March 10th of March

March 10th 10th March March the 10th

The year

When reading or speaking we use the term hundred but not thousand. The year 1987 would be read as nineteen hundred and eighty-seven or nineteen eighty-seven.

Years before the Christian era are followed by the letters BC (= Before Christ) and years dating from the Christian era are occasionally preceded by the letters AD (= Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord). The former are read in either way: 1500 BC would be read as one thousand five hundred BC or fifteen hundred BC.

Weights, length and liquid measure

A Weights

The English weights table is as follows:

16 ounces (oz.) = 1 pound (lb.) 14 pounds = 1 stone (st.) 8 stone = 1 hundredweight (cwt.) центнер

20 hundredweight = 1 ton 1 pound = 0.454 kilogram (kg) 2.2 pounds = 1 kilogram 2,204.6 lbs = 1 metric tonne

Plurals.

ounce, pound and ton can take “s” in the plural when they are used as nouns, stone and hundredweight do not take “s”: e.g. we say six pound of sugar or six pounds of sugar, but ten hundredweight of coal has no alternative.

When used in compound adjectives these terms never take “s”: a ten-ton lorry

kilo or kilogram usually take “s” in the plural when used as nouns:

two kilos of apples or two kilograms of apples

B Length. The English table of length is as follows:

12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.) 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres (cm)

3 feet = 1 yard (yd.) 1 yard = 0. 914 metre (m)

1,760yards = 1 mile (m.) 1 mile = 1.609 kilometres (km)

Plurals

When there is more than one inch/mile/centimetre we normally use the plural form of these words:

one inch, ten inches one mile, four miles

one centimetre, five centimetres

When there is more than one foot we can use either foot or feet, feet is the more usual when measuring heights. We can say: six foot tall or six feet tall two foot long or two feet long

When used in compound adjectives the above forms never take the plural form: a two-mile walk, a six-inch ruler.

C Liquid measure

2 pints (pt.) = 1quart (qt.) 1 pint = 0.568 litre (l) 4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal.) 1 gallon = 4.55 litres

D Traditionally British measurements have been made in ounces, inches, pints etc. but there is now a gradual move towards the metric system.

The Numeral /Numbers

- a part of speech which indicates number or the order of persons or things in a series

Cardinals(cardinal numerals/)numbers)

Ordinals(ordinal numerals/numbers)

- indicate exact number, used in counting Morphological composition: - simple: 1-12, 100, 1,00, 1,000,000 - derivatives:13-19 (-teen) 20-90 (-ty) - compound (composite): 21-29 31- 39 etc.   Note: a hundred/one hundred a thousand/one thousand a million/one million   collective a dozen /one dozen (12) numbers a score / one score (20) two dozen (24) a gross/one gross (12 dozen)   Functions: - subject: Three plus three is six. - object: I bought four ( of them). - predictive: He is five. - Attribute: There were four men in the room. - Adverb. modifier: I get up at seven. Note: used instead of ordinals in postposition: Book Four but the fourth book, Act Three but the third, Unit 5, lecture 3, line 6, paragraph 2, Chapter X, No. (number) 49 = # 49 (US English), Apartment 12, World War II(but the Second World War)

- Show the order of persons or things in a series Morphological composition: (the same) - Except the first three: 1^st (the first), 2^nd (the second), 3d (the third) are formed from cardinal numerals by means of the suffix – th. Mind the pronunciation: 20 – twenty but the 20ieth [ˈtwentııθ] 30 – thirty but the 30ieth,etc.   Note: normally they are used with the definite article: This is the second floor. But can be used with the indefinite article when they do not show a definite order of persons or things in a series: The bell rang once, then a second time, then a third.   Functions: - Attribute: This is my first dance. - Subject: Then advancing towards us came a f ifth. - Predicative: So I might as well be the first. - object: She noted a scar on his cheek, another... and a third that ran...

1. Reading numbers: 200 – two hundred 200^th (two hundredth)

310 – three hundred (and) ten

1,000 a/one thousand 1,000the (the/one thousandth)

5,642 – five thousand, six hundred (and)forty-two

100,000 one hundred thousand 100,000^th (one hundred thousandth)

120,450 (one hundred (and) twenty thousand four hundred (and) fifty)

2. When the indefinite number is given, they can be used in the plural:

I’ve told hundred s of time. There were dozens of people in the street. Millions of people die every year from starvation.

3. The figure 0:

- is called naught [nƆ:t] in British English and zero in US English, and is replaced by oh [әu] in conversation:

My account number is 41306 (four one three oh six). Dial 7050 (seven oh five oh) and ask for extension 90 (nine oh)

- in measurements of temperature (and mathematics): It’s five degrees below zero.

- Nil [nil] or nothing (US- zero/nothing) is used in team games: Brazil won 4-0 (four nil/ (to) nothing). And the score at half-time is: Scotland three, England nil.

- Love is used in tennis, squash, etc. (originally from the French word meaning ‘egg’- the figure 0 is eggs-shaped): Borg leads by 30-0 (thirty love). Forty-love; Andrews to serve.

4. Telephone numbers: each figure is said separately with a pause after groups of three or four (not two!):

307 4922 – three oh seven, four nine double two (BE)

(US three zero seven, four nine two two)

5. and; punctuation

In British English and is used before the tens in a number. E.g. 310 (three hundred and ten)

In US English and can be dropped. (three hundred (and) ten)

In measurements containing two different units, and is possible before the smaller, but is usually left out.

Two hours (and) ten minutes

Two metres (and) thirty centimetres

In writing commas(,) are usually used to divide large numbers into groups of three figures, by separating off the thousands and the millions. 3,127 5,466,243

But commas are not always used in four-figure numbers, and they are not used in dates:

4,126 or 4126

the year 1648

Spaces are also possible in BE: There are 1,000 (or 1 000) millimetres in a metre.

In an informal style we often use: eleven hundred, twelve hundred, etc. instead of one thousand one hundred. This is most common with round numbers between 1,000 and 1,900: We only got fifteen hundred pounds for the car.

6. billion: In US English, a billion is a thousand million.

1) миллиард (тысяча миллионов) 2) брит. уст; биллион (миллион миллионов)

7. fractions and decimals

1/2	A (one) half	0.25	(nought) point two five
1/3	A (one) third	0.375	(nought) point three seven five
1/4	A (one)quarter	1.48	one point four eight
1/8	One eighth	4.7	Four point seven
3/4	Three quarters
3/7	Three sevenths
11/16	Eleven sixteenth
¾ hour	Three quarters of an hour
7/10 mile	Seven tenth of a mile
317/509	Three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine

With fractions below one: of a + singular noun:

Three quarters of a ton, 0.1625 cm (nought (ноль, мат.) point one six two five of a centimetre)

Decimals below one can be followed by a plural nouns: nought point one six two five centimetrs

Fractions and decimals over one are normally followed directly by a plural noun:

One and a half hours 1.3 millimetres

a.... and a half: I’ve been waitng for an hour and a half.

Three quarters of a ton is too much.

3.6 kilometres is about 2 miles

8. spoken calculations

Calculations	Informal	Formal
2 + 2 = 4	Two and two is/are four	Two plus two equals/is four
7 – 4 = 3	Four from seven is/leaves three Seven take away four is/leaves three	Seven minus four equals/is three
3 x 4 = 12	Three times four is twelve	Three multiplied by four equals /is twelve
9: 3 = 3	Three into nine goes three (times)	Nine divided by three equals/is three

9. Reading dates and years

	Nineteen hundred	January 7^th,1948 7th January, 1948 January 7,1948 7 January, 1948	January (the) seventh nineteen forty-eight The seventh of January nineteen forty-eight
	Nineteen one(nineteen oh one, nineteen hundred and one)
	Nineteen fifteen
	Nineteen ninety-nine
	Two thousand
	Two thousand and three

10. sizes: The room is 3 metres by 4 metres. The room is twelve square metres.

11. A and per: It costs two pounds a week. We’re doing 70 miles per hours (an hour). Per is more formal.

12. Non-metric measures

Non-metric	Metric
1 inch (1in)	2.5 cm
1 foot (1ft)	30 cm
12 inches – 1ft	30 cm
3 feet(3 ft)- 1 yard	90 cm
5,280 ft-1,760 yards- 1 mile	1.6 km
1 ounce (oz)	28 gm
16 ounces- 1 pounds	455 gm
2.2. pounds (2.2. lb)	1 kg
14 pounds (14 lb)- 1 stone	6.4 kn (British only)
1 British pint [aı]	56.8 cl
1 US pint	47.3 cl
8 pints (8pt)- 1gallon
1 British gallon	4.55 litres
1 US gallon	3.78 litres
I acre=4,840square yards	0.4 hectares
1 square mile= 640 acres	259 hectares

British people normally measure their weight in stones and pounds, Americans use pounds. Height is measured in feet; distance can be also measured in feet, but longer distances are measured in yards.

I weigh eight stone six.

We are now flying at an altitude of 28,000 feet.

13. British and American money.

British	American
Pounds (£) pence (p) £1 = 100p	Dollars ($), cents (¢) $1 =100 c
1 p a penny (one p)	1 c a cent, one cent a penny
2p two pence (two p)	5 c five cents, a nickel
5 p five pence (five p)	10 c ten cents, a dime
10 p ten pence (ten p)	25 c twenty-five cents, a quarter
20 p twenty pence (twenty p)	50 c fifty cents, half a dollar, a half dollar)
50 p fifty pence (fifty p)
Notes	Notes
£1 a pound, one pound	A dollar, one dollar
£5 five pounds	Five dollars
£10 ten pounds	Ten dollars
£20 twenty pounds	Twenty dollars
£25..99 twenty-five pounds ninety-nine (pence)	Twenty five dollars nine nine (cents)

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