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Условные придаточные предложения Значения слова provide Суффиксы -th, -en Префиксы sub-, under-, non-Text 9A. Descending to New Ocean Depths Text 9B.
Text 9C. Lifeboats Text 9D. Greenwich
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. А. Определите тип условного придаточного предложения, переведите.
1. If we look around, we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or another. 2. If I were free, I should help you with pleasure. 3. If we had tested this material, we should have used it in our work. 4. If ordinary gases are greatly compressed, they become liquids. 5. If supercomputers had not been used for thermodynamic calculations, designers would have spent all their lives on computations. 6. If you think that a computer never makes mistakes, you are wrong. 7. If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction were not so high, a hypersonic craft would not require complicated cooling measures. 8. If we had been told about the lecture on reliability in spacecraft production, we should have come by all means. 9. Superconductivity can be obtained in some materials if the temperature is very low and close to absolute zero.
В. Поставьте глагол в скобках в соответствующую форму.
1. It you (to know) English well, you will be able to read books in the original. 2. If I get this book, I (to be) very happy. 3. You (to become) much stronger if you did your morning exercises regu-
larly. 4. If she went to work in France, she (to learn) French very quickly. 5. If he (to see) her, he would have spoken to her. 6.1 (to help) them if I had been at home. 7. You (to write) the testwork well if you have learnt grammar. 8. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should have told her about it. 9. If we had not been present at the lecture, we (not to understand) the new approach to the solution of the problem.
С. Закончите предложения.
1. I would work much better if.... 2. Life would be much simpler if.... 3. Use every opportunity to practice English if.... 4. I would have started to study English earlier, if.... 5. I would have had more opportunities, if....
Упражнение 2. А. Измените предложения согласно образцам:
If I 'were free, I should help you. Were I free, I should help you. If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. Had he known about the lecture, he would have come.
1. If it were possible, we should begin this work at once. 2. If he had had all the necessary books, he would have made his report in time. 3. If the books had been available in our library, we could have done this work much earlier. 4. If there were no computers, space flights would be impossible. 5. If drivers were more attentive while driving, there would be less accidents on the road.
В. Переведите бессоюзные условные придаточные предложения.
1. Had he used new materials, the device would have been more reliable. 2. Were electric motors used, cars would not pollute the air, would be practically noiseless and very easy to control. 3. Had they applied the new method, the result would have been much better. 4. Were the design of cars improved, the fuel consumption would be greatly reduced. 5. Had a less explosive gas been used in dirigibles at the beginning of the century, they would have been in operation since that time. 6. Were it possible to learn how birds find their way, people would use the principle to develop a navigation system for aviation.
Упражнение З. Переведите предложения и запомните значения глагола to provide и союза provided.
1. The experiments conducted provided very good results. 2. Russian technological achievements that provided the launching of rockets are known all over the world. 3. A tire pressure display pro-
vides information for front and back pairs of tires. 4. Provided new composite materials are used, it will be possible to reduce overall aircraft weight. 5. Provided with a new vacuum-controlled carburetor this car model has several important advantages. 6. Superliners could develop a higher speed provided some special cooling measures were used. 7. An aircraft pilot can get all the information he needs provided he contacts a radio navigation station. 8. The work done provided us with new data. 9. Having measured the distance between two points, it is possible to calculate the time during which a car can cover it provided we know the car's average speed. 10. Our laboratory has been provided with the latest equipment.
Упражнение 4. А. Дайте степени сравнения для прилагательных, great, easy, good, far, many, difficult, possible.
B. Поставьте much перед прилагательным в сравнительной степени (гораздо, намного), переведите.
late, simple, important, valuable, quick, reliable, useful, complex.
C. Переведите словосочетания.
гораздо (намного) раньше, гораздо (намного) длиннее, намного (гораздо) труднее, намного эффективнее, намного легче.
Упражнение 5. А. Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.
as old as seagoing, a round container, the Swiss National Fair, as primitive as marine life, so-called, to take people deep into the lake, underwater tasks, around the ocean floor, wrist of the manipulator, to lift 120 pounds, marine life, the world's deepest vehicle, underwater helicopter.
швейцарская национальная ярмарка; подводные работы; опускать людей на большую глубину озера; по морскому дну; подводный вертолет; запястье манипулятора; морской животный и растительный мир; самый глубоководный в мире аппарат; такая же примитивная, как и морская среда (жизнь); так же стары, как мореплавание; так называемый; круглый контейнер; поднимать 120 фунтов.
В. Переведите словосочетания.
round glass container, marine life people watch around them, centuries before, to take people deeper than before, difficult underwater tasks, mounted on a metal platform, it looks like an underwa-
ter helicopter, move like a sport car, video cameras provide vision, to lift up to 120 pounds, work for up to nine hours.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Упражнение б. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно образцу:
прилагательное + th = существительное,
deep — глубокий -> depth — глубина length, width, strength;
прилагательное + en = глагол light — легкий -» to lighten — облегчить deepen, brighten, lessen;
префиксы sub- (суб-, под-, до-), under- (под-, ниже, недо-) submerge — погружать(ся) —» submersible — подводный,
погружаемый
estimate — оценивать -> underestimate — недооценивать subsystem, subsonic, subcommittee, subdivision, subsurface, submarine, undersea, underground, undercooling, underproduction, underdeveloped;
префикс поп- (не-)
non-conductor — непроводник; non-military — невоенный non-effective, non-essential, non-standard, non-metal, non-stop.
Упражнение 7. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
ocean ['аи/an], container, apparatus [,aepa'reitas], machine [ma'Ji:n], spherical ['sfenkal], plastic, metal platform, helicopter ['helikopta], manoeuvre [ma'nu:va], sport, mechanical [mi'kaenikal], manipulator [ma'mpjuleita], system, miniature ['minjatfa], microphone ['maikrafaun], to lift, minerals, battery, stereo ['stiariau], construct, cultivate, videocamera, titanium [tai'teinjem].
Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.
descend [di'send], legend [Mecfeend], submerge [sab'ma'.ds], submersible [sab'ma:sibl], da Vinci ['vintj"i], national ['nae/anl], Geneva [c(5i'ni:va], Japanese [,d5sepa'ni:z], technician [tek'ni/an], extreme [iks'trhm], precision [pn'sisan], essentially [i'senjali],
cycloid ['saikloid], particular [pa'tikjule], wrist [nst], provide [pra'vaid], sample ['sa:mpl], image ['imids], scale [skeil], join [cfeoin], politician [,poli'tijen].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
accurate a — точный almost adv — почти advanced p.p. — новейший, передовой
collect v — собирать construct v — строить, сооружать crew n — экипаж depth n — глубина descend v — спускаться, опускаться
due to prp — благодаря, из-за explore v — исследовать find out v — выяснить, узнать image n — изображение instead of adv — вместо join v — соединять, объединять lift v — поднимать(ся) mankind n — человечество operate v — работать, действовать
particular a — данный, особенный, отдельный penetrate v — проникать precision и — точность promise v — обещать provided cj — при условии что;в том случае, если realize v — осуществлять, реализовывать resist v — сопротивляться, выдерживать sample n — образец submerge v — погружаться, опускаться вглубь test v — проверять, подвергать испытанию transparent a — прозрачный
try v — пытаться, пробовать
battery-operated p.p. — работающий на батареях
Text 9A
Прочитайте и переведите текст. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
В каких странах ведутся работы по созданию погружаемых аппаратов?
Каковы особенности погружаемых аппаратов нового типа?
Descending to New Ocean Depths
We know little about the ocean yet. The dream of exploring under the waves is almost as old as seagoing. Legend says that Alexander the Great submerged himself in a round glass container, and Leonardo da Vinci designed a submersible vehicle in his notebooks centuries before Jules Verne wrote «Twenty Thousand Leagues Un-
der the Sea». If their dreams had been realized and such a craft had been constructed, mankind would have known about the secrets of Ocean much earlier. However, already during the Swiss National Fair in 1964 a submersible vehicle took thousands of people deep into Lake Geneva.
Not long ago, the crafts that penetrated the ocean depths were almost as primitive as the marine life they watched around them. However, non-military deep sea ships, so-called submersibles, were progressing rapidly. Russian, French, Japanese and American scientists are developing crafts that can submerge deeper, stay longer and find out more than earlier apparatuses.
Soon, one of the most advanced crafts, a one passenger submerging ship, will be tested. It may be able to take explorers and technicians deeper than ever before (up to 3,300 feet) and perform difficult underwater tasks with extreme precision.
This new submersible is essentially a spherical transparent plastic hull1 mounted on a metal platform. It looks like an underwater helicopter and can manoeuvre itself in its water environment with some of the versatility2 of a helicopter due to the use of a cycloid rotor3 instead of conventional marine-propeller screws4. It is expected that this apparatus will move around the ocean like a sports car.
However, the breakthrough5 that will make this particular craft quite different from other manned submersibles is a mechanical hand called the sensory manipulator system6. Miniature video cameras on the «wrist» of the manipulator provide it with vision and microphones enable the submersible to «hear». This manipulator system is designed to lift up to 120 pounds and will also be able to perform such accurate scientific work as collecting samples of ocean-floor minerals and marine life. When demonstrated, it lifted crystal glasses, drew pictures and wrote with a pen.
Some scientists are trying to develop the world's deepest manned submersible. When completed, it will be capable of submerging to the depths of 21,000 feet. Its crew will be in a pressure-resistant titanium-alloy cabin. This craft will be driven by a battery-operated electric motor and will work for up to nine hours. It will record images with colour television and stereo cameras and will collect samples by manipulating two robotic arms.
If such crafts are constructed on a large scale, we shall be able not only to spend our holidays enjoying the underwater life, but also grow and cultivate sea plants, fish and pearls. It will be possible provided scientists, designers and politicians from all over the world join their efforts and solve the most important problems in this field.
Notes to the Text
1. transparent plastic hull — прозрачный пластмассовый корпус
2. versatility — свобода передвижения
3. cycloid rotor — несущий винт циклоидного типа
4. marine-propeller screw — судовой гребной винт
5. breakthrough — радикальное решение
6. sensory manipulator system — сенсорная система мадшпу-лятора
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 9. Просмотрите текст 9А и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is the text about? 2. What is a submersible? 3. Who was the first to think of a submersible vehicle? 4.What writer wrote about a submersible? 5. What special systems will be used on a new submersible? 6. What are the characteristics of the manipulator system? 7. What kind of submersible is being designed at present? 8. What do you think of the future of such vehicles? 9. What is the name of the famous French scientist, an explorer of the ocean? 10. Have you seen his film? Have you read his books?
Упражнение 10. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 9А. Исправьте неправильные.
1. We know very little about the ocean yet. 2. The dream of exploring the underwater life is very old. 3. It was Jules Verne who was the first to write about a submersible vehicle. 4. Only Japanese scientists are developing deep water submersible crafts. 5. A new submersible craft looks and moves like an underwater helicopter. 6. A new submersible is provided with a manipulator that is designed to lift 120 tons. 7. When demonstrated, it lifted crystal glass and drew pictures. 8. When completed, the world's deepest manned submersible will be capable of submerging to the depth of 21,000 feet. 9. This craft will be driven by a battery-operated electric motor.
Упражнение II. Найдите в тексте 9А условные придаточные предложения; сделайте, где возможно, их бессоюзными.
Упражнение 12. Найдите условные придаточные предложения, выражающие нереальные действия. Переведите.
1. If a scientific research is closely linked with practice, the results are always good. 2. If you looked at the equipment of 1946,
you would notice the difference with that available at present. 3. If there is a pressure change in the tires, a transmitter signals to adjust the pressure. 4. If we were to make a journey in a plane to the nearest star, we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 5. Were traffic controlled by computers, cars could travel with safety and speed. 6. Had submersibles been developed since the time of Alexander the Great, mankind would have used natural resources from the ocean floor and cultivated plants and fish there. 7. Had all submersibles had autonomous principle of operation, they would have become much more useful. 8. If fire-arms had not been invented, the secret of Damascus steel would not have been lost. 9. If we could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an airplane at a speed about 300 km per hour, it would require 565 days to encircle it at the equator. 10. If the satellite speed is less than necessary, it will go down from the orbit and enter the atmosphere.
Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения слов provide, if (whether).
1. Specialists reported that a miniature video camera provided the latest submersible with vision. 2. The speed of a satellite would be less provided it moved at a greater distance from the Earth. 3. Drivers don't know yet whether radars will be mounted on the next car models. 4. If the weather is too bad for flying, passenger airplanes don't leave airports. 5. It was very important to find out if electricity could be used for long distance communication. 6. During the entire flight, the pilot is provided with all the necessary information about weather conditions. 7. Modern submersibles can remain at the depth of 20,000 feet for eight hours or, if needed, as long as two or three days. 8. A new system for motor cars can be provided with infrared sensors that can detect a human figure at night. 9. If underwater tourism continued to develop at the present rate, the number of passengers could grow up to millions in only a few years.
Упражнение 14. Переведите предложения с союзом unless и запомните особенности его перевода.
1. Isaac Newton stated that a body would continue moving unless some force was applied to stop it. 2. Space flights would be impossible unless special materials for space vehicles were produced. 3. We should have no radio, telephone, television or computers unless there were electricity. 4. The earth temperature would increase indefinitely unless heat were radiated. 5. Unless the temperature rises, the speed of the molecules will not increase. 6. It would have
been impossible to send satellites into orbit unless Newton's laws of motion had been studied. 7. With heat generated by friction of the air on aircraft surface, the temperature inside the cabin would increase to almost 1,000 °C unless it were cooled by mechanical
means.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 15. Образуйте от следующих слов:
а) глаголы
usage, subdivision, indication, complication, difference, large, systematisation, appearance, changeable, measuluble;
б) существительные
noiseless, powerful, deep, dangerous, perform, realise, lighten,
Упражнение 16. Образуйте производные от следующих слов:
manipulate, compress, move.
Упражнение 17. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.
исследовать — exploration, explorer, to explore; точно — exactness, exactly, exact, exaction; погруженный — submergence, submerge, submerged, submersion;
направлять — navigate, navigable, navigation; стойкий — resistance, to resist, resistant, resistor; ширина — wide, width, widely, widen.
Упражнение 18. Найдите:
а) синонимы
to finish, to submerge, to work, craft, to build, to descend, vehicle, to operate, rapid, fast, to construct, to complete;
б) антонимы
to lift, difficult, to complete, after, to descend, before, easy, to
start.
Упражнение 19. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные
слова; переведите предложения.
1. In a new apparatus rotors mounted on the fuselage provide "ft acting as wings when the craft is moving at high velocity. 2. The aerostatic apparatuses of the latest design can vary its lift force. •*• The man can't lift this weight, it can be lifted only automatically. 4. When weight is lifted to a given level, it possesses potential
energy due to its position. 5. Russia possesses the world's heaviest helicopters MI-26 which lift and transport cargoes up to 20 tons.
Упражнение 20. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения слов before и after в функции предлога и союза.
1. There was no means of direct communication before the telephone was invented. 2. After World War 1 dirigibles gradually lost their significance as a means of transportation. 3. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets moved around the sun. 4. After a French engineer invented the first self-propelled road vehicle in 1770, many car designers wanted to make a better automobile. 5. Before each flight pilots must ask for the information about the weather expected during the planned route. 6. The «night vision» system enables drivers to see better after dark. 7. Before the industrial production of materials in space can be started, it is necessary to create special space stations. 8. Soon after Karl Marx's arrival in England he became a daily visitor of the Reading Room of the British Museum.
Упражнение 21. Выберите соответствующий глагол из приведенных в скобках.
1. A young physicist can (get, get up) a prize for his work.
2. Designers tested a new engine to (find, find out) whether the ceramics it was made of could withstand temperatures up to 1,000 °C.
3. It is difficult to (get, get up) early in winter. 4. Many specialists are working at the problem of developing a new kind of telephone which we (call, call for) «video phone». 5. The projects in Siberia (call, call for) the most effective means of transporting various cargoes over long distances. 6. Specialists wanted to (find, find out) whether telephone communication was reliable or not. 7. Further development (call, call for) new specialists who are able to generate new technical ideas. 8. New generation materials which we (call, call for) composite materials will allow to lighten the aircraft. 9. To translate this text, we must (find, find out) some words in a dictionary.
Упражнение 22. Укажите предложения, где выделенное слово имеет следующее значение:
— действуя
1. They should know in what direction this force is acting. 2. Acting upon the body the force changes. 3. They should find the force, acting upon the body.
— имеет дело, рассматривает
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of physics dealing with the transformation of heat into work. 2. The experience of France dealing with environmental problems is very important. 3. Now Russia is dealing very seriously with the problem of Baikal protection.
— используя
1. Using thermomagnetic alloys in the turbine rotor allows to develop a lot of various sensors. 2. By using thermomagnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of various sensors. 3. Many American companies began using submersibles for tourism.
— совершенствование
1. Construction specialists are working at improving the design of metro escalators. 2. While improving the design of metro escalators specialists developed a two speed escalator. 3. Our design bureau has developed spiral escalators improving the construction of public buildings.
— превышающий
1. A car exceeding its speed, the indicators show it on the display. 2. Exceeding the speed limit the driver should be very attentive. 3. There are relatively few cargoes exceeding 400 tons.
Упражнение 23. А. Прочитайте текст без словаря. Three Stonecutters
Three stonecutters (каменотес) were working hard. A man who was passing by watched them for a few minutes and then, turning to the first stonecutter, he asked: «What are you doing, my friend?» «I am working like a slave (раб). Look at my hands. Did you think I was playing?», he replied. The passer-by then looked at the second workman. «And what are you doing?», he asked. The stone-cutter answered quickly, «I am earning seven dollars and fifty cents a day. I hope to receive at least nine dollars a day in a very near future.» The visitor studied the face of the third stonecutter. Once more, he asked, «And what are you doing, my friend?» The stonecutter's face lighted up as he replied, «I am helping to erect a magnificent building. Look at the colour in this piece of marble. I was just thinking how beautiful it will be when it is thoroughly polished. This building will last for hundreds of years and its beauty will inspire everyone who sees it.»
В. Составьте предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста А.
1. The first stonecutter was the 1. he saw beauty and joy in his unhappiest of the three because work.
2. The second one was happier 2. he thought that all work was than the first stonecutter because hard and dull.
3. The third stonecutter was the 3. he thought that honest work happiest of the three because brings advancement.
Упражнение 24. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.
drawn, grew, feeling, wake up, drank, cutting, sink. Упражнение 25. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.
Deep Trouble
An experimental undersea telephone cable in the Canary Islands had to be lifted from the ocean floor three times because of breakage. Each time sharks' (акула) teeth were found in the damaged cable. Though the cable contains optical fibres transmitting signals in the form of light, it carries a very small amount of electrical wires. It is known that electricity attracts sharks. Therefore, ordinary electric power cables are usually provided with some kind of protection to stop their being attacked by sharks. However, it was not expected that it was necessary to mount this expensive protection on the new cable. But provided the designers had used this conventional protection on the new cable, the sharks would not have approached it.
CONVERSATION Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. What apparatuses are used for exploring the ocean depths at present? (non-military submersibles) 2. What countries are developing such submersibles? (Russia, the USA, France and Japan) 3. What kind of submersible is being designed? (an advanced manned submersible) 4. What is the depth it is capable to submerge to? (21,000 feet) 5. What motor is used in it? (a battery-operated electric motor) 6. What devices are provided for collecting samples from the ocean floor? (robotic manipulators) 7. What is the practical application of the submersible? (cultivating sea plants, fish and pearls)
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.
1. A new one-passenger submer- 1. an underwater helicopter. sible is designed for performing
2 This submersible is a spherical 2. to the depth of 3,300 feet, transparent plastic apparatus
3. It looks like 3. this apparatus will move like a
sports car.
4. It can move in water environ- 4. its sensory manipulator with ment miniature video cameras and microphones.
5. While exploring the ocean floor 5. accurate scientific explorations.
6. The apparatus is capable to 6. due to the use of rotor instead descend of conventional propeller.
7. A special feature of this man- 7. mounted on a metal platform. ned submersible is
Exercise 3. Read and learn.
Hiking in the Mountains
Mike: My steps become lighter because I hear the music of running water. Let's stand and look at the stream.
Jane: Why only look? I'm thirsty (хочу пить) and nothing tastes so good as cool mountain water.
M.: But passing the same water through the pores of the skin does the body fifteen times as much good as it does when you drink it. Put your hands and arms into the deepest place and keep them for a while and you'll feel so wonderful.
J.: I can't stop drinking. Look at the clear, smooth surface of the stream. Water is beautiful.
M.: And perhaps, the most beautiful thing about it is its use. It helps all living things in one way or another.
J- I know that my own body is eighty-five per cent water.
M.: Yes, and this water keeps you going in spite of the weather.
J- How does it do this?
M.: By circulation it keeps your body at the same temperature all the time.
J-: I've read that water has the most interesting properties of all liquids. It is the slowest to cool and the slowest to heat.
M- In winter the water in your body keeps you warm by circulating evenly to all parts. In the heat of summer it passes off through the million of pores of your skin. This keeps you cool and takes away toxic material at the same time.
J.: I think the great supply of water in the body is one of the nature's great provisions.
M.: Sure, especially taking into consideration (принимать во внимание) that the human being can live only within the narrow range (диапазон) in body temperature of a very few degrees Fahrenheit. Have you had enough water?
J.: Yes, I have. Usually I drink at least six glassfuls of water daily.
Exercise 4. Speak about:
1. An advanced manned submersible.
2. Practical applications of manned submersibles.
Use exercises 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to realize a dream, underwater exploration, to penetrate, a submersible vehicle, to descend to a depth up to, to perform tasks, collecting samples of minerals and marine life, to work for nine hours, to join efforts.
Exercise 5. Comment on the following statement.
Scientists cannot afford (позволить себе) to be interested in things not connected with their subject.
One point of view: There is no alternative to narrow (узкий) specialization, everybody has a limited amount of time, it is unrealistic to expect a scientist to be interested in other fields than his own, a person who is interested in many things is sure to become a dilettante.
A contrary point of view: It is impossible to understand a particular science in complete isolation, the scientist should not be treated as a machine for solving specialized problems, a narrow specialist may tend to become a narrow -minded person, really great scientists have always had wide interests.
What do you think about it? Why?
Exercise 6. A. Read and say what you think about tea and what it does for you.
Tea
The English know how to make tea and what it does for you. Seven cups of it wake you up in the morning; nine cups will put you to sleep at night.
If you are hot, tea will cool you off, and if you are cold, it will warm you up.
If you take it in the middle of the morning, it will stimulate you for further work; if you drink it in the afternoon, it will relax you for further thought. Then, of course, you drink lots of it in off hours (свободное время).
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