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Exercise 1. Answer"the questions according to the example:
What is one of the most important problems for mankind now? (the problem of pollution and ecology).
The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important problems for mankind now.
1. What problem is becoming a global problem? (the problem of air and water pollution). 2. What makes it possible to eliminate air and water pollution? (scientific knowledge and technological advance, good will and large investments). 3. What are scientists in industrially developed countries currently working on? (the theory of interaction of the atmospheric and oceanic global processes). 4. What factors are slowly changing the global climate and water balance? (the growth of population, industrialization and use of resources). 5. What actions are necessary to take to deal successfully with the problem of protecting the environment throughout the world? (planning, developing international programs to study ecological data, joint efforts of scientists and special public organizations).
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.
1. At present one of the most 1. are becoming seriously pol-important problems for mankind luted by industry.
2. The rivers, seas and oceans 2. are successfully being carried
out on a global scale.
3. That purifying air, water and 3. it is possible to eliminate air soil is changing from a national and water pollution by planned to a global problem actions of human society as a
whole.
2* 35
4. Therefore, it is necessary 4. is evident to all.
5. Scientists expect that 5. to take measures to safeguard
natural resources and the environment on a global scale.
6. Large-scale experiments in 6. is that air and water pollution this area is reaching very large proportions.
Exercise 3. Read and learn.
Rita: Did you have a nice weekend?
Mary: Yes, I did. I was tired of watching television, going to parties, to the movies and so on. John and I decided to go to Pennsylvania University to take part in the discussion on environmental problems.
R.: Oh, really! How unusual! That must have been interesting.
M.: Yes, it was. There were a lot of scientists and politicians. Have you heard about such a firm called «Sanyo»?
R.: Certainly. It is well known for its electronics.
M.: It's one of the first companies to make products that don't pollute the environment.
R.: Oh, my father told us about new heating systems made by this company. They use clean and safe technology.
Exercise 4. Speak about:
1. The problem of pollution and ecology is one of the most important problems for mankind.
2. Ecological problems in your home town, especially the problem of air pollution.
Use exercise 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic: to become polluted by industry and transport; to reach high level; to develop a program of purifying air in industnal centers; to take necessary measures; for eliminating pollution; new technologies; make it possible; successfully.
Exercise 5. Read and smile.
One evening Rutherford entered the laboratory. It was late, but he found one of his students working with some apparatus. «What are you doing here so late?» Rutherford asked. «I'm working, sir,» was the answer. «And what do you do in the day time?» «Oh, I work, of course, sir,» answered the student. «Do you work early in the morning, too?»
«Yes, professor, I work early in the morning, too,» said the student, quite sure that the famous scientist would praise (хвалить) him.
Rutherford looked at him gloomily (мрачно).
«Tell me,» he asked with irritation (раздражение), «when do you think?»
Text 2B
Прочитайте текст. Укажите отрицательные стороны научно-техническО'-го прогресса. Приведите примеры экологической ситуации в Вашем городе.
Pollution
The British, like many other Europeans, are becoming more and more worried (беспокоиться) about their environment. Here are some of the environmental problems that they face.
As the population of large cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester continues to grow, pollution problems become worse.
The air in many towns and cities is being polluted by traffic (транспорт, движение) and industry. The number of cars and lorries is growing all the time. On the one hand, they bring mobility to millions of people, but on the other hand, they need bigger, better and more expensive roads, which often ruin the countryside (сельская местность). Traffic in cities is getting worse and worse. Water pollution has become a serious problem in many British rivers. People living near airports suffer from the noise of increasingly larger and more powerful jet airliners taking off and landing.
Text 2C
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о результатах исследования, проведенного Всемирной организацией здравоохранения.
Ecological Problems of Big Cities
There are over 150 supercities in the world with population from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York, London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of the cities which have become supercities.
People in the supercities suffer from polluted environment: bad water, bad air and noise. A new term, urban (городской) climate, is used now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive atmosphere and intensive smog.
Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect the big cities from pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) studied air pollution around the world for over eight years.
It measured two things: the level of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the air and the level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people.
In the WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most considerable level of CO2 in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santiago and Sao Paulo. However, some cities with clean air get worse in winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the largest proportion of it in the air in winter. This must be connected with the heating of houses. One can also mention (упоминать) Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in the same way.
Text 2D
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о достопримечательностях современного Лондона.
London, its History and Development
It is known that the area around London was inhabited (населять) by the Celts. Later the Romans founded a military camp there. The camp developed into a port. The area of about 1 square mile where the Romans built their fortifications corresponds approximately to today present City of London. London was the capital of one of the Roman provinces of Britain. After the Romans left Britain, London became less important and suffered greatly from the Danes and Vikings. It was under Henry the First in the 12th century that London finally became the capital of England. In the 16th century London, with its 500,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in England. Under Queen Elizabeth the First in the 17th century England dominated the oceans and became the Empire. It is in the Elizabethan Age that art, culture and literature flowered, especially in London. Over the centuries London became the centre of a constantly growing empire. The empire reached its apex (вершина) under Queen Victoria. Industrialization and the expansion of international trade brought London power, growth and cultural and economic development. In the First and Second World Wars London was ruined considerably.
Some 9 million people now live in London and its suburbs, and the city covers an area of 620 square miles, making it one of the largest of the world's capitals. One reason for its size is that the English people like to live in small houses and have small gardens. As a result, less than 5,000 people live in the City of London, while
more than half a million come here to work in the daytime. Today London is the capital of Great Britain and is also the seat of the Royal Family, the Parliament, the major administrative bodies and scientific institutions.
The Houses of Parliament stand on the bank of the Thames at Westminster Abbey. Actually it is one building but it is called «Houses» as it consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It was set up in the 13-th century. At one end of the Houses of Parliament there is a tower with a large clock. The largest bell, known as Big Ben, chimes in (отбивать часы) the hour.
Westminster Abbey was a monastery built in the 8th century. It is one of the best examples of the Early English architecture. The kings and queens of England are buried there. Many great statesmen, writers and poets are also buried there.
In the centre of London there is one of the most beautiful squares — Trafalgar Square which was named so to commemorate (в честь) Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar. There is the monument in its centre known as Nelson's Column.
In the vicinity of Trafalgar Square is Whitehall which is now a street of government offices. Not far from Whitehall is Downing Street. Number 10 Downing Street is the residence of the Prime Minister of England. The Cabinet meets there. One must mention the British Museum. It is one of the most extensive and valuable museums in West Europe, It was founded in 1753. It also comprises the National Library. There are other numerous museums and galleries displaying interesting finds from all parts of the world and from all stages in the development of nature, man and art. There are also two large opera houses, the National Theatre and 50 other theatres. Monuments of past greatness are everywhere in London.
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
Упражнение 1. А. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания из текста t2A и постарайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов.
1. to protect the environment
2. become seriously polluted
3. suffer from pollution
4. interaction of all processes
5. the essential feature
6. protection is imperative today
7. public organizations
8. safeguarding natural resources
В. Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А соответствующее значение из колонки В.
А В
1. protect a. do not feel well
2. serious b. for all people
3. suffer c. keep safe from smt||T
4. interaction d. protection
5. essential e. needing attention
6. imperative f. important
7. public g. necessary, most important, fundamental
8. safeguarding h. action on each other
Упражнение 2. А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов.
One of the most urgent environmental problems in the world today is the shortage of clean water. Access to clean drinking water is a basic human need. But industrial pollution has made many sources of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have become poisonous.
Lake Baikal is one of the world's largest and most beautiful lakes. Russians call it the Holy Sea. It contains a rich variety of animals and plants, including 1,300 rare species that do not exist anywhere else in the world. However, they are being destroyed by the massive industrial effluent, which some factories still pour into the lake every day.
A few years ago, people thought that the supply of clean water was limitless. Now clean water is scarce, and we are beginning to respect this precious resource. We must protect the clean water that remains for the sake of our children and grandchildren.
В. Подберите к каждому слову в колонке А соответствующее из колонки В.
А В
1. urgent a. group, sort, kind of
2. access b. in the interest of
3. poisonous c. unusual, not often seen
4. plant d. of great value (price)
5. rare e. needing action
6. species
7. destroy
8. effluent
9. pour
10. scarce
11. respect
12. precious
13. sake
f. not available, not equal to the demand
g. come freely, flow in a continuous stream h. way (road) to, means of using
i. think about, pay attention to
j. living organism the kind smaller than trees
k. break, put an end to
1. harmful, causing death
m. waste from a factory
Упражнение З. Заполните таблицы на словообразование.
| Noun | Verb | Noun | Adjective |
| change | variety | ||
| achieve | ecology | ... | |
| advance | environment | ||
| development | danger | ||
| protect | industry | ||
| pollute | globe | ||
| action | nature | ||
| increase | I. | safe | |
| elimination | numerous | ||
| ... | interact | ocean | ... |
Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски словами global, environmental, pollute, dangerous, scale, environment, protection, resources, increase.
People are worried about the (1)... (the air, water, and land around us) as a result of the (2)... effects of human activity. «Developments» that are making our life more comfortable such as industrialization, urbanization and the use of cars all (3)... the earth's atmosphere. There are some of the (4)... problems today: the ozone layer, (5)... warming (an (6)... in world temperature), the conservation and (7)... of nature and natural (8)... on a global (9)...
Упражнение 5. А. Назовите 10—15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Environment protection»
В. Speak about:
The problem of clean water in your town.
LESSON 3
Времена группы Perfect Active, Passive Подлежащее, сказуемое Суффиксы -er/-or, -ant/-ent Префиксы un-/im-
Text ЗА. Electricity
Text 3B. A Great Citizen of the World
Text 3C. Solar Light by Night
Text 3D. Non-traditional Renewable Sources of Energy
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 1. Объясните употребление времен группы Perfect, переведите.
1. This is a very good book, I have just read it with pleasure. 2. He has been absent this week. He has been ill. 3.1 haven't seen you for a long time. Where have you been all this time? 4. We haven't heard about her since 1989. 5. By the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams. 6. Before we came to the next lecture we had studied the material of the first one. 7. Have you already finished your diploma work? No, I shall have finished it by the end of June. 8. They will not have passed their exams by the time you return. 9. Many students have been enroled into universities this year. 10. The translation has not been finished yet. It will have been finished by the end of the month. 11. Have you brought these journals with you? No, these journals had been brought by my sister before I returned from St.Petersburg. Don't you know that?
Упражнение 2. А. Выберите правильную форму сказуемого.
1. Не (has graduated, graduated) from MSTU named after Bauman this year. He (graduated, will have graduated) from MSTU
named after Bauman in 6 years. 2. She (saw, has seen) us in the morning yesterday. She (saw, has seen) us this morning. 3.1 (have met, met) him last year. I never (had met, have met) him before.
4. Our group (will do, will have done) a lab work tomorrow. 5. This problem (is discussed, has been discussed) much in the press lately. This problem (was discussed, had been discussed) yesterday.
В. Переделайте предложения из действительного в страдательный залог.
1. The students have done their homework very well. 2. Bob has left his notebook at home. 3. I have told you about a lecture. 4. The laboratory assistant had prepared the experiment by 2 o'clock.
5. She had finished her test when we came. 6. The teacher will have corrected our dictation by the end of the week. 7. They have not made any mistakes.
Упражнение З. Переведите предложения.
1. Что вы сделали сегодня? — Я напечатала (to type) много писем. — Я хочу посмотреть письмо к мистеру Д. — Вот, пожалуйста. Я только что напечатала его. — А письмо к мистеру Р.? — Я еще не напечатала это письмо. Я напечатаю его к концу рабочего дня. 2. Вчера мы встретили наших друзей. Мы не видели их с окончания университета. До возвращения в Москву они работали в Орле. 3. Новый завод будет построен к началу следующего года. Он будет оснащен самым современным оборудованием.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте и объясните употребление времен.
At the Institute
Vera: Hello, Mike! What are you doing here?
Mike: Hello, Vera! I am reading for my mathematics exam.
V.: But your group has passed it already, hasn't it?
M.: Yes, it has, but I was absent at this time. So I'll take this exam tomorrow.
V.: Is it difficult for you to take this exam?
M.: No, it is not. I have finished a specialized mathematical school where mathematics was studied more thoroughly (тщательно) than at other schools. Besides, I have taken part in a mathematics contest of our city.
v-: Really? Have you? When was it?
M-: It was last year.
V.: Were you the first at this contest?
M.: No, I was the second. The first one was the boy from one of the
Novosibirsk mathematical schools. V.: Have you ever been to Novosibirsk? M.: Yes, I have been there this year with a group of students of our
faculty.
V.: What have you seen there? M.: Oh, I have seen a lot. But now I have no time to tell you about
it. Well, Vera, what are you doing here? Are you reading for
your exams too? V.: No, I am not. I've passed all my exams with good marks this
term and so my holidays have already started. I'm waiting for
my friend here. Good luck, Mike.
Упражнение 5. Определите, чем выражено подлежащее каждого предложения, переведите.
1. After the international conference on ecology it has become possible to begin working at environmental problems on a global scale. 2. Some scientists and engineers are working at improving traditional production processes, others are developing new technologies. 3. The new instruments will enable us to determine the level of pollution in our rivers. 4. Our technological advances make it possible to deal with the most difficult problems. 5. Our lecturer's book on strength of materials is well-known and popular. 6. One must study six years to become an engineer. 7. There is a big library in the new building of our institute. It is a very good library. One may get all the necessary books there and it is possible to keep them till the end of the academic year. 8. It is well-known that technological progress is impossible without electronics, computers, robots and new materials. 9. That ecological problems have become the most important ones at present is evident to all. 10. What is necessary for the students is to get a good qualification. 11.That S.P. Korolyev was the founder of practical cosmonautics is a well-known fact. 12. That theory is combined with practical training is a very good tradition of our educational system. 13. That it is necessary to develop an international ecological program is realized throughout the world.
Упражнение 6. Найдите сказуемое в каждом предложении, переведите.
1. The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers. 2. The air in many cities has been polluted by traffic and industry. 3. The lecture on environment protection was very interesting. 4. Mankind has never experienced changes in life and work
on such a scale. 5. The task of the world community is to improve the ecological situation in the world. 6. In six years we shall become engineers. 7. It is possible to take measures to protect environment on a global level by the joint efforts of all countries. 8. Professor N. is the dean of our faculty. 9. The important feature of our education is that it combines theory with practical training. 10. The main tendency of our life is that computers are being used in all spheres of technology, science and everyday life. 11. The essential feature in environment protection is that most of it is done by public initiative. 12. What is necessary today is that the protection of global natural resources must be planned. 13. Today one of the most important problems is that big cities are polluted.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Упражнение 7. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно образцу:
глагол + -ег/-ог = существительное to teach — учить, обучать —> teacher — учитель.,-• ф to regulate — регулировать -» regulator — регулятор to lecture — lecturer, to speak — speaker, to invent — inventor, to generate — generator, to transform — transformer, to indicate — indicator, to compute — computer;
суффиксы прилагательных -ant/-ent to excel — превосходить —> excellent — превосходный important, efficient, distant, evident, confident, recent;
отрицательные префиксы un-/im-questionable — спорный -» unquestionable — неоспоримый,
несомненный
material — immaterial, limited — unlimited, important — unimportant, usual — unusual, natural — unnatural, necessary — unnecessary, known — unknown, qualified — unqualified, changing — unchanging, seen — unseen, possible — impossible, perfect — imperfect, personal — impersonal, mobile — immobile.
Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
electricity [ilek'tnsiti], civilization [,sivilai'zeijan], economic and social progress ['preugres], transformer [traens'fo:ma], universal [ju:m'va:sel], electrometallurgy [I'lektraume'taeledsi], cable ['keibl], specific [spi'sifik], machine [me'Ji:n], photocopying machine, radar ['reida], Paris ['paeris], generator ['ctjenereita],
battery ['baetari], lamp [laemp], dynamo ['dainamau], indicator ['indikeita], nation ['neijan], energy ['enadji], service ['sa:vis], laser ['leiza], compact ['kompaekt].
Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.
imagine [I'maecfein], turn [ta.n], daily ['deili], completely [kam'plktli], power ['paua], appearance [a'piarans], gear [gia], pulley ['puli], whole [haul], range [reinds], device [di'vais], source [so:s], century ['sentfun], design [di'zam], since [sins], consumption [kan'sAmp/an], double [dAbl], health [heIG], reduce [n'dju:s], beam [bi:m], advantages [ad'vcrntidjiz], clean [kli:n], regulated ['regjuleitid], generate ['cfeenareit], human ['hju:man], latest ['leitist].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
advantage n — преимущество appearance n — появление application и — применение, заявление
completely adv — полностью, целиком
consumption n — потребление, расход
cover n — охватить, охватывать,
design v — конструировать, проектировать
device я — прибор, устройство double v — удваивать efficient a — эффективный generate v — вырабатывать, производить
imagine v — представлять себе, воображать invent v — изобретать
power я — энергия, мощность property n — свойство recent a — недавний, последний
reduce v — уменьшать, снижать
replace v — заменять set up (set) v — воздвигать, сооружать
source n — источник state я — положение, состояние
such as — такой как transform v — преобразовывать
turn v — поворачиваться, обратиться; превратить (into) wide a — широкий without prp — без whole a — весь, целый
in the case of — в случае
to be based on — основываться,
быть основанным на
Text ЗА
Прочитайте текст, перечислите наиболее важные изобретения в области электротехники. Переведите.
Electricity
It is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed.
Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.
With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys1 in the 19-th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances2 have become a part of our everyday lives.
Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromag-netism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.
The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator — a new compact source of electricity — was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.
Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors3 were designed.
Since the beginning of the 20th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.
Today consumption of electricity per capita4 is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost.
One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products5. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly6 electricity provides mankind the energy of the future.
Notes to the Text
1. transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys — трансмиссионные валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки
2. time and labour saving appliances — электроприборы, экономящие время и труд
3. induction motors — индукционные моторы
4. per capita — на человека; на душу населения
5. by-products — побочные продукты
6. truly — поистине
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст ЗА и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is this text about? 2. What industrial applications of electricity do you know? 3. What home applications of electricity do you know? 4. Where was the generator developed? 5. Who invented the electric lamp? 6. Do you know who invented the dynamo? 7. Can you imagine our life without electricity? Why?
Упражнение 11. Определите функции глагола to have, переведите.
1. Electricity has many useful properties: it is clean and generates no by-products. 2. It has many important applications in industry as well as in our houses. 3. The latest laser devices have found application in medicine. 4. Electricity has provided mankind with the most efficient source of energy. 5. No other source of energy has been so widely used as electricity. 6. We have many various electric devices in our houses. 7. Our lives have been completely transformed with the appearance of electricity. 8. The generator replaced batteries that had been used before. 9.The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.
Упражнение 12. Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое в предложениях, переведите.
1. That electricity is clean and easily-regulated is its great advantage. 2. The important fact is that electricity offers improved service at reduced cost. 3. That the two scientists Lodygyn and Yablochkov were the first in Russia to work in the field of electrical engineering is well-known. 4. One of the main advantages of electricity is that it does not pollute the environment. 5. The indicator of nation development is how much electricity is consumed per capita. 6. What has been and is being done in environment protection cannot be measured by yesterday's standards.
Упражнение 13. Определите время и залог глагола-сказуемого, переведите предложения.
A. 1. I have not cleaned the window yet. I am cleaning it now. I have cleaned it. 2. But Bob has a different idea. 3. Last year she passed school leaving exams. 4. We will be studying for our exams at the end of the term. 5. While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 6. Will people speak the same language all over the world? 7. People will land on Mars in the 21st century. 8. I think cars will be powered by electric batteries in five years' time and they will not be powered by atomic power in 100 years' time. 9. The Earth is getting warmer because of the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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