Language-based protection

Наиболее радикальный подход приходит из неожиданного источника - Microsoft Research. В сущности, подход Microsoft отбрасывает концепцию операционной системы как единой программы работающей в режиме ядра, плюс некоторый набор пользовательских процессов, запущенных в пользовательском режиме, и заменяет его системой, написанной на новом типе безопасных языков, которые не имеют всех указателей и других проблем, связанных с C и C + +.

The most radical approach comes from an unexpected source – Microsoft Research. In effect, the Microsoft approach discards the concept of an operating system as a single program running in kernel mode plus some collection of user processes running in user mode, and replaces it with a system written in new type-safe languages that do not have all the pointer and other problems associated with C and C++.

Таким образом, каждый из четырех различных попыток улучшить надежность операционной системы направлена ​​на профилактику ошибок драйверов устройств от сбоя системы.

Thus, each of the four different attempts to improve operating system reliability focuses on preventing buggy device drivers from crashing the system.

Пока не известно, какие, если таковые имеются, эти подходы будут широко приняты в долгосрочной перспективе. Тем не менее, интересно отметить, что микроядра - длительное время отвергаемые из-за их низкой производительности по сравнению с монолитными ядрами - может быть делает возвращение из-за их потенциально более высокой надежностью, что многие люди сейчас считают более важным, чем производительность.

It is not yet known which, if any, of these approaches will be widely adopted in the long run. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that microkernels – long discarded as unacceptable because of their lower performance compared with monolithic kernels – might be making a comeback due to their potentially higher reliability, which many people now regard as more important than performance.

3. POST-READING

3.1. What approach to more reliable and secure OS is more acceptable from your point of view? Why?

3.2. Match the terms in table A with the statements in table B.

Table A

Table B

1. Operating system   2. Kernel   3. Microkernel   4. Monolithic kernel

a. The software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. b. The core of an OS that handles memory allocation, talks to hardware devices, and makes sure everything keeps running. c. A kernel architecture where the entire kernel is run in kernel space in supervisor mode. d. microkernel is a minimal computer operating system kernel which, in its purest form, provides no operating-system services at all, only the mechanisms needed to implement such services

4. GRAMMAR IN USE

4.1. Now look through the text again and find all passive forms of verbs (See Grammar Reference 1).

4.2. Complete the gaps in this summary of the text using passive forms of the verbs:

to discuss	to wrap	to intend	to replace	to use (*2)
to make	to develop	to move	to adopt	to know

The problem of operating systems unreliability and insecurity _______ in the text. Current operating systems ______ unreliable and insecure due to two characteristics: they are huge and they have very poor fault isolation. Fortunately, the situation is not hopeless. More reliable operating systems ______ by researchers. There are four different approaches to the problem solving. In the Nooks approach, each driver ______ in a software jacket to carefully control its interactions with the rest of the operating system, but it leaves all the drivers in the kernel. In the paravirtual machine approach the drivers ______ to one or more machines distinct from the main one. Both of these approaches _______ to improve the reliability of existing operating systems. In two other approaches legacy operating systems ______ with more reliable and secure ones. The multiserver approach runs each driver and operating system component in a separate user process. Finally, in the most radical approach, a type-safe language, a single address space, and formal contracts ______ to carefully limit what each module can do. Thus, microkernels _____ in three of the four research projects, but it __ not _____ which of these approaches ____ widely ______.

4.3. Study the table of loans of Greek and Latin origin.

Table 1

Loans of Greek and Latin origin

1. Analysis – analyses 2. Antenna – antennae 3. Appendix - appendices 4. Axis – axes 5. Hypothesis – hypotheses 6. Basis – bases 7. Synopsis – synopses 8. Thesis – theses 9. Crisis – crises 10. Datum – data 11. Diagnosis – diagnoses 12. Stimulus – stimuli 13. Stratum – strata 14. Nucleus – nuclei 15. Alumnus – alumni 16. Alumna – alumnae 17. Radius – radii 18. Medium – media 19. Memorandum – memoranda 20. Curriculum – curricula 21. Phenomenon – phenomena 22. Criterion – criteria 23. Vortex – vortices 24. Matrix – matrices 25. Index – indices 26. Formula – formulae 27. Syllabus – syllabi

анализ – анализы антенна – антенны приложение – приложения вал, ось – валы, оси гипотеза – гипотезы база, основа – базы краткое содержание тезис – тезисы кризис – кризисы данная величина – данные диагноз, установление причин – диагнозы стимул – стимулы слой, пласт – слои, пласты ядро – ядра выпускник – выпускники выпускница (ы) радиус (ы) средство (а) меморандум – меморандумы программа – программы явление, феномен – явления критерий – критерии вихрь – вихри матрица – матрицы индекс – индексы формула – формулы программа - программы

4.4. Put the sentences into the plural.

1. This phenomenon is very interesting from its origin point of view.

2. The professor asks to explain this thesis.

3. An alumnus of our University is well known in the world.

4. Is a crisis in computing possible?

5. I have not a stimulus to do this research.

6. The index of this matrix is unknown.

7. You can find an appendix at the end of the book.

8. Is there any medium to enhance this development?

9. Any student can derive this formula.

10. They offered a hypothesis that can’t be disproved.

4.5. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Это явление сейчас изучают.

2. Причины поломки еще не установлены.

3. Анализ показал, что операционная система является ненадежной и незащищенной.

4. Я считаю, что гипотеза о возможном возвращении к микроядрам в операционных системах вполне оправданна.

5. Эти формулы были выведены еще в прошлом веке.

6. Каковы критерии надежности операционной системы?

7. Эти данные были получены до того, как их запросили.

8. Меморандум подписали неделю назад.

9. Это средство не может быть применимо в данной ситуации.

10. Тезисы по данному научному труду напишут к концу месяца?

5. LISTENING

Study the material about interviewing (See Supplement 2)

Paul is 24. He has a Higher National Certificate in Computing and a Higher National Diploma in Computing Support which he completed two years ago. He has been working for a company providing support services for the last eighteen months.

5.1. Listen to Part 1 of the recording to find the answers to these questions:

1. What subject areas does Paul mention?

2. Why did he choose to do his Diploma in support?

3. What practical work was included in the course?

4. Which subject did he particularly enjoy?

5.2. Listen to Part 2 of the recording to answer these questions:

1. What suggestions does Paul have for improving the course? Note

a) his suggestions for improvement

b) the reasons he gives.

2. Which of the subjects he studied has he found useful in his work? Note

a) the subjects

b) examples in work situation.

5.3. Listen to Part 2 of the recording to answer these questions:

1. In which situations does Paul have to learn fast?

2. What sources does he use for help?

3. What advice did the college provide on source of information?

4. What was the problem with the set book?

5. How does he feel about going back to college?

6. WRITING

Study the C.V. of Paul who was interviewed in Task 1.6. Then write your own C.V. in the same way. For the purpose of this task, you can invent experience and assume you have passed all your examination! (See Supplement 1)

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