С парным союзом в абзаце № 5 (см. грамматические пояснения после текста).

Marketing

1. One of the areas of management is marketing. Marketing is the process of planning and implementing the conception, pric­ing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.

2. Any business organization is involved in a dual process of satis­fying customer needs and achieving organizational goals. Marketing makes products available by transferring the ownership of products to buyers. Implementation of marketing conception includes determining what customers need, and evaluating how well the firm can meet those needs.

3. A market consists of people with their needs, the ability to buy, and the desire and ability to sell. Markets are classified as con­sumer and industrial markets.

4.A business firm controls four important elements of marketing which are called a marketing mix. It is the combination of the product, the price of the product, the means for its distribution, and the promo­tion of the product to reach a firm’s target market. A firm can vary its marketing mix by changing one or more of these ingredients to suit the organizational goals, marketing goals, and target market. For example, most automakers produce several different types of vehicles and aim them at different market segments based on age and income.

5. 1)The product ingredient of the marketing mix includes deci­sions about the product’s design, brand name, packaging, warran­ties, and the like. 2) The pricing ingredient includes both base prices and dis­counts of various kinds. Pricing decisions are intended to maximize profit or even to make room for new models. The rebates offered by automobile manufactur­ers are a pricing strategy developed to boost low auto sales. 3) The distribution ingredient involves not only transportation and storage but also the selection of intermediaries. 4) The promotion ingredient focuses on providing information to target markets. The major forms of promotion include advertis­ing and publicity.

6. A marketing strategy is a plan for the best use of an organi­zation’s resources to reach its objectives. Developing a market­ing strategy involves selecting and analyzing a target market and creating and maintaining a marketing mix that will satisfy that market.

7. A target market is chosen through the market segmentation approach. A market segment is a group of individuals or organiza­tions within a market that have similar characteristics and needs. The market segmentation approach directs a marketing mix at a segment of a market.

8. Market measurement and sales forecasting are used to esti­mate sales potential and predict product sales in specific market segments. Strategies are then monitored and evaluated through marketing research and marketing information system, which stores and processes internal and external data in a form suitable for marketing decision making (2500).

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