IV. 2). Change the sentences into Active voice.

V. Agree or disagree with the following and prove your opinion:

1. Ice skating was spread only in the northern countries of Europe in ancient times.

2. Ice skating was favoured only by poor people.

3. Some figure skating elements are named after famous skaters.

4. Ice skating has no Olympic history.

5. Modern figure skating isn’t so popular as years ago.

VI. Make an outline of the text in the form of key questions. Answer them in groups.

Hockey

Games played with balls and curved sticks can be found throughout history. Evidence shows that in Ethiopia, it was played almost 4000 years ago. In Greece, there are evidences in the form of table-pictures that show young people playing field hockey. Other places like Rome, Ireland, Scotland, Egypt, and South America have some records and evidence that reveal the history of hockey.

A slightly different form of hockey was played in England in the 17th or 18th centuries. A whole village played against another whole village. It was possible that a team had sixty to one hundred players. Each team tried to get a ball into the opposing team's common ground. Generally, a hockey match lasted for days together, and its form was chaotic, many players used to end up with broken limbs and other injuries. They used to have umpires, but umpires could not make any calls unless a player or a team asked them to do so. With the advent of time, people used common sense and introduced stricter rules.

The modern game of hockey originally grew out of a game which was played in English public schools in the 19th century. The first official club which resembles hockey clubs found today originated in London in 1849.

The Hockey Association was formed in 1886, and the first international game took place in 1895 between England and Ireland. Hockey was taken to India by British servicemen, where it has flourished greatly. In 1908, this game was played in the Summer Olympics for the first time, and only men were allowed to play. It was only in 1980 that women were allowed to play. India and neighbouring Pakistan won the Olympic Games many times.

* * * * * * * * * * *

The ice hockey game is similar to modern bandy, was one of famous games of Dutch. Numerous engravings and pictures of the Dutch artists of that time give evidence of it. Modern ice hockey was born in Canada. In the middle of 19th century it was included in the program of all winter sports holidays in this country. The first official game rules were published in 1889. In the same year the first international meeting between Canada and Great Britain commands was held. The ice hockey championships were organized annually, and the winner got Stanley’s Cup. This prize was founded by the British lord Stanley, the governor of Canada, for annual rewarding the best ice hockey team.

In 1900, Canadian Francis Nelson invented a grid for a gate made of a fishing network. It was an important innovation which marked where the goal was.

The National Hockey League (NHL) was organized in 1914. 1920 was marked by the first meeting in the officinal tournament of Winter Olympic Games. Canadians confirmed the glory of the strongest. In 1936 the Great Britain won the title of the Olympic Champion.

In 1954, Soviet hockey players debuted in the world championship and took the leading position. They became Olympic champions four times and were often winners of Europe and the world. Russian school is now recognized the leader of ice hockey.

Tasks:

I. Find the synonyms of the following in the text:

· sport event,

· bandy,

· referee,

· to play for the first time,

· to be held,

· championship,

· arms and legs,

· fame,

· every year,

· to be the best one,

· military men,

· command.

II. Translate the words in the brackets:

1. There are (свидетельства) of the game in the form of (рисунков на керамике) found in Greece.

2. Each (команда) tried to get a ball into the (противник) ground.

3. With the advent of time, people used (здравый смысл) and introduced stricter (правила).

4. This (приз) was founded by the British lord Stanley, (губернатор) of Canada, for (ежегодное награждение) the best ice hockey team.

5. Russian school (признана) the leader of ice hockey.

III. Form nouns from the verbs and explain the way of word formation:

to compete, to differ, to rule, to resemble, to introduce, to recognize, to govern.

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