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В любом языке можно выделить три основных стилистических направления:
Рассматриваемая ранее структура предложения английского языка относится к обиходному стилю.
_____ _____
|now | _____ |quickly
|here | |just | |soon |
|maybe| |really | |
|_____| |_____| |_____|
___________ ___________ ___________
|the|good | |try to | |the|good |
|my |big| | |can |see | |my |big| |
|no | |man| |will |learn| |no | |man|
|___|___|boss |_____|_____| |___|___|boss
| I, he, we | | | |me, him, us|
|_nobody____| |___________| |_nobody____|
Сочетание различных частей речи и различных членов предложения представлено в следующей таблице.
сказуемое | комплимент | обстоятельство | подлежащее | определитель | определение | степень | |
глагол | He plays | I want to see her | He lives playing | Playing is funny | - | The playing man is in the room | - |
наречие | She is here | - | She arrives today | Today follows yesterday | Today’s work is great | The work today is hard | The very quick man is here |
существительное | She is my sister | I have a plan to go | Mother, he can do it. | My sister eats much | My sister’s name is Ann | My business trip was short | The man quick as a bird is here |
местоимение | The pen is mine | - | She does it herself | You are so very kind | My pen is here | She is honesty itself | - |
прилагательное | The pen is good | I am eager to go. | She goes in a quick way | The poor is here | - | The quick man is here | - |
предложение | It's what you ate yesterday | - | When I came, she was in the room | Those who is kind can go to the place | The man who is here’s hat is here | The man who was here is kind | - |
Употребление частей речи с предлогом | |||||||
глагол | It was while my using it | - | I work by using it | To work is hard. It's hard to work | - | Study when using it is easy | - |
наречие | It is over there | - | I came before yesterday | - | - | The park over there is new | - |
существительное | It was in May | - | I worked in May | - | - | My work in May was hard | - |
местоимение, числительное | He is with us | - | I work with you | - | - | A book with it is here | - |
прилагательное | It is about the poor | - | - | - | - | The friend of the poor is kind | - |
предложение | - | - | When she will go, you will cry | Those who are kind are with us | - | Ideas that are great are in the book | The man quick as those who are here will be home |
Данные сочетания определяют богатство и в месте с тем отсутствие строгости обиходного повествования.
В свою очередь для академического английского языка характерна следующая грамматическая структура.
__________
|therefore |
|nowadays | Цепочка из нескольких
|in general| именных групп
|__________| ___________|__________
/ \
______________ _______________ _________________________
|the|smart|tool| |can |be created| |for |the |complex|model |
|one|new |pipe| |will|be used | |by |the |new |method|
|___|_____|____| |____|__________| |_using|_1st|_______|______|
Например, такие фразы обиходного стиля как:
в академическом стиле будут выглядеть следующим образом (в частности с использованием пассивных форм):
Сочетание различных частей речи и различных членов предложения для академического стиля более ограничено и представлено в следующей таблице.
Связка | определитель | определение | подлежащее | предикат (сказуемое) | |
Существительное | On the basis of In connection with In comparison with | A number of The set of The theory of | Computer Business Innovation | Production Investigation Application | Is a problem Are the methods of … Will be a tool for … |
Служебное слово | With Within For | The Three One | - | One | Is within Is about |
Прилагательное | Equal to More than Similar to | The last The mentioned The previous | Practical Technical Theoretical | - | Is analogue to … Is similar to … Are more than … Can be equal to … |
Глагол | Using Based on Including | The given The offered The presented | Increasing Developed Designed | Exists Implies … Means … Presupposes … Is used for … Are based on … |
На основе данной таблицы можно осуществлять лингвистические трансформации, например:
The production of new equipment à New equipment production à Producing new equipment;
The innovative method à The innovation method à The method based on innovations.
Смешанный стиль английского языка является сочетанием конструкции СУБЪЕКТ + ПРЕДИКАТ + ОБЪЕКТ с достаточно длинной цепочкой именных групп, например:
«We would require information on the method of new materials formation used by the team from Siberian Federal University»
или
«Could you, please, disseminate the advertisement among the participants of the conference on new materials production took place from the 31st of September till the 3rd of October 2005 in New York».
_____ _____
|now | |now | Цепочка из нескольких
|here | |usually именных групп
|maybe| |just | ___________|__________
|_____| |_____| / \
________ __________ ________ __________________________
|the|man | |must|study| |the|tool| |for |the |complex|model |
|my |boss| |can |see | |my |pipe| |by |the |new |method|
|no |user| |will|learn| |no |fan | | using| 1st|old |means |
|___|____| |____|_____| |___|____| |______|____|_______|______|
В рамках академического стиля английского языка используется особое стилистическое множество языковых единиц, так, например:
См. лексические приложения.
© Dmitry Lichargin
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