Test 2.

Task 1. Read the whole text and choose the best statements below to fill in the gaps. Do not use any statement more than once. There is one extra statement. There is an example at the beginning (0)

1) Some products are marketed most effectively by direct sale from a manufacturer to a consumer. (0) … The direct marketing of products is very important. Formerly, common “door to door products”, are now usually sold by a more sophisticated “house party” technique.

2) Direct marketing by mail has been expanded to virtually all types of products and services. (1) …. For retailers, the use of catalogues makes it possible to do business considerably beyond their usual trading area and with a minimum of overhead. Also important are credit cards, which have made it relatively easy to purchase by mail or telephone even such high-priced items as appliances, electronic equipment, and cameras. (2) ….

3) Television is a potent tool in direct marketing because it facilitates the demonstration of products in use. (3) …. Also carving its own niche is telephone marketing, called telemarketing, a technique used in selling to businesses as well as to consumers.Most consumer products, however, move from the manufacturer through agents to wholesalers and then to retailers, ultimately reaching the consumer.

4) (4) …. Some retail businesses have grown so large that they have found it more profitable to bypass the wholesaler and deal directly with the manufacturers or their agents.

5) Retailing has undergone even more change. Supermarkets and discount stores have become commonplace not only for groceries but for products as diversified as medicines and gardening equipment. (5) …. Special types of retailing, for example, vending machines and convenience stores, have also developed to fill multiple needs.

6) Services, unlike products, are intangible commodities. A service is the provision of work, accommodations, or ministrations desired by a consumer. Consumers pay for a service as they would for a product. Already more people are employed in the provision of services than in the manufacture of products, and this area shows every indication of expanding even further.

· Wholesalers distribute goods in large quantities, usually to retailers, for resale.

· Consumers pay for a service as they would pay for a product.

· Working people find it easy to shop in their leisure hours by catalogues.

· Direct sale of all kinds of goods to the public via home-shopping clubs broadcasting on cable television channels is gaining in popularity.

· The direct marketing of products is very important

· Chain stores and cooperative groups have also proliferated.

· At least half the nation’s 50 leading corporations have mail-order divisions.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-25