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A.
| 1. Od is the object which the Hearer can identify because it is something of which there is only one in the world. 2. Od is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because it is the only one of the class present in the situation. 3. Od is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because the Speaker has provided a restrictive attribute to specify it. 4. Od is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because the Speaker has already referred to it in the conversation. 5. Od is a particular object of class X which the Hearer cannot identify yet because the Speaker is mentioning it for the first time. 6. Od is one object of class X, it does not matter which, so neither the Speaker nor Hearer can or need identify it. 7. Od is any object of class X, it does not matter which, so the Hearer need not identify it. | a) Do you know the lady in the middle? b) Heavy clouds covered the sky. c) He's bought a (new) car. d) I'd like a sandwich and a cup of coffee, please. e) "The Room with a View' got a whole five Oscars. Have you seen the film? f) I never forget a face or name. g) Remember to lock the door! |
B.
| 1. S is the object which the Hearer can identify because it is something of which there is only one in the world. 2. S is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because it is the only one of the class present in the situation. 3. S is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because the Speaker has provided a restrictive attribute to specify it. 4. S is a particular object of class X which the Hearer can identify because the Speaker has already referred to it in the conversation. 5. S is a particular object of class X which the Hearer cannot identify yet because the Speaker is mentioning it for the first time. 6. S is one object of class X, it does not matter which, so neither the Speaker nor Hearer can or need identify it. 7. S is any object of class X, it does not matter which, so the Hearer need not identify it. | a) A man will be able to do the job. b) The sun produces light and heat. c) A bomb destroyed a bus in central Dublin yesterday. d) The bomb caused a lot of other damage. e) A dog ought to be well trained. f) The postman at last delivered the letter. g) The next letter confirmed everything. |
Which of the definitions given in the previous exercise applies in each case?
1. Can I book a ticket to Naples?
2. Reggie pulled the trigger.
3. Where can I get a tea towel?
4. You should join a club to get to know people.
5. She replaced the receiver.
6. I know the guy you mean.
7. I’m afraid you want the moon.
8. I’ve got to renew a book in the library.
9. Every English child knows the story of Robin Hood.
10. When shall we cross the equator?
11. I met a Swedish girl on the train from Copenhagen.
12. Did you try to impress the girl?
13. You can catch the 10.30 train.
14. He offered to help me and I accepted the offer.
Translate the sentences into English.
A.
1. Они содержат небольшой отель. (keep)
2. Она не произнесла ни звука. (make)
3. Мы только что получили факс. (receive)
4. Я аккуратно отчертил поле. (rule)
5. На ней была длинная чёрная юбка. (wear)
6. Я не могу позволить себе отпуск в этом году. (afford)
7. Тебе следует составить список того, что купить. (make)
8. Нам надо было заказать столик заранее. (reserve)
9. Тебе бы хотелось играть на музыкальном инструменте? (play)
10. Она не умеет даже кататься на велосипеде. (ride)
В.
1. Можете оставить сдачу себе. (keep)
2. Она прекрасно управляется с хозяйством. (manage)
3. Ты починил машину? (fix)
4. Я поменял лампочку и проверил шнур. (change, check)
5. Вы можете отреставрировать картину? (restore)
6. Я осторожно попробовал жидкость на вкус. (taste)
7. Сначала сними скатерть. (remove)
8. Она нежно обняла малыша. (cuddle)
9. Сегодня окна мыть не надо. (clean)
10. Я не опровергал и не подтверждал слухов. (deny, confirm)
Analyze the use of the zero article in these sentences. What kind of nouns are Direct Objects here?
1. Do you use pepper in your cooking?
2. This reaction creates hydrogen gas.
3. We are expecting rain.
4. I don’t mind cold weather.
5. We’ll fight and conquer cancer.
6. People were seeking food and shelter.
7. You will provoke trouble.
8. How can we escape observation?
9. Her work provides intellectual satisfaction.
10. The rumours bred hope and doubt.
Translate the sentences into English.
1. Я ненавижу рыбу.
2. Он предпочитает красное вино.
3. Ей приходится принимать лекарство каждые четыре часа.
4. Мои книги собирают пыль. (collect)
5. Десять компьютеров обрабатывают данные. (process)
6. Солнце испускает свет и тепло. (issue)
7. Они пытаются поддерживать законность и порядок. (maintain)
8. В этой стране применяется смертная казнь. (apply)
Discuss the use of the Definite Article in these contexts.
1. Do you know the time?
2. Open the book on page 25.
3. Dinner’s ready. Call the kids!
4. I’ll park the car first.
5. I’ve got to change the bed.
6. You won’t forget to lock the door, will you?
7. The noise will disturb the neighbours.
8. We decorated the flat completely on our own.
9. The hedge needs trimming.
10. Don’t worry! The dog won’t hurt you.
11. I’ve just missed the bus.
12. May I cross the road here?
13. Would you mind the bags, please?
14. Would you fasten the seat belt, please?
15. Shall I tip the waiter?
Fill in the gaps. Explain the use of the determiners.
A.
1. Close … eyes and I’ll kiss you.
2. Mind … head.
3. Please, lower … voice.
4. Stop biting … nails.
5. Blow … nose, sweetie.
6. Open … hand.
7. Cross … fingers and hope.
8. Have you brushed … teeth, Ronnie?
9. Are you going to wash … hair?
10. Where did you hurt … arm?
B.
1. I was eating … dinner.
2. He changed … clothes.
3. We began packing … things.
4. You’re wasting … time.
5. Enjoy … evening out!
6. He abandoned … wife.
7. They announced … engagement.
8. She obtained … degree in 1960.
9. I played … ace.
10. The bird spread … wings.
What kind of THE is used in these sentences? What is its function?
1. The whale can only eat very small fish.
2. The tractor has replaced the horse on the modern farm.
3. The aeroplane has revolutionized travel.
4. The referee mustn’t favour one side or the other.
5. Is it true that Galileo invented the telescope?
6. Can you play the guitar?
7. Please, help the needy.
8. He just admires the British for their sense of humour.
In these contexts, all of which are general statements, you will find other means of generalization. What are they?
1. Whales eat plankton, don’t they?
2. Dogs never bite cats, but cats often scratch dogs.
3. Tractors have replaced horses on modern farms.
4. An aeroplane uses a lot of energy.
5. A good secretary can pick and choose in the job market.
6. Architects design buildings.
7. Do you know who invented paper?
8. I hate television.
9. Coffee leaves a stain.
10. Money cannot buy happiness.
Most of the Direct Objects in these sentences are Count Nouns normally used with A/AN or THE. Why do you think they are used without any articles here?
1. We are going to move house.
2. His sister keeps house for him.
3. When did you leave school?
4. I don’t have to leave home until 7.30.
5. They didn’t have to change trains.
6. Lots of money changed hands.
7. The driver lost control of the car.
8. She’s lost weight.
9. I don’t make friends very easy.
10. He refused to make way for anyone.
11. Don’t talk nonsense!
12. Now you’re talking sense.
Section A shows the normal use of article with the names of meals. In the other sections you will find some specific cases. Read all the sentences carefully and make your conclusions about the rule and the exceptions.
A.
1. I’m skipping breakfast this morning.
2. When do you have lunch?
3. Come on! We’re holding dinner for you.
4. Do you serve afternoon tea?
5. I’ll go and make supper.
B.
1. He was a big man and needed a big breakfast.
2. I ate a late lunch.
3. They had a quiet dinner together.
C.
1. Is the Prime Minister giving a lunch?
2. They held a literary luncheon in his honour.
3. Mrs. Thatcher attended a dinner at the Mansion House last night.
4. Throwing a cocktail party is more fun than having a dinner for six.
D.
1. He makes the breakfast every morning.
2. I’ve got to make the supper for the kids.
3. Mum’s making the tea at the moment.
Fill the gaps with appropriate articles where necessary.
1. Would you like … copy of … recipe?
2. I fixed … leak in … roof.
3. Kenya provides … example of … trend.
4. I grow … roses from … cuttings.
5. You’re defending … case for … right reason.
6. She answered … advertisement for … full-time home help.
7. Did you use … pepper to flavor … dish?
8. Nancy concocted … red wine sauce to go with … pheasants.
9. Keep … notebook in … kitchen for … shopping lists.
10. She cut … cake and gave me … piece.
11. He examined … cut and applied … plaster.
12. Choose … drink and press … red button here.
13. Tom bought … new sweater to replace … old one he lost.
14. While he was checking … figures, he noticed … mistake.
15. I never use … cream … to make … sauce.
16. He wore … glasses and … false beard.
17. They gathered … berries, … nuts and … fruit for … food.
18. We are collecting … money for … blind.
19. She cleaned … carpet with … special detergent.
20. Combine … ingredients in … pan.
21. I’ll open … post after … breakfast.
· Prepositional Phrases as Attributes
Join the parts with the correct preposition.
A.
| 1. He has little concern | a) a domestic help. |
| 2. I can see no cause | b) Brown bread. |
| 3. I’ve found a sure cure … | c) others. |
| 4. She answered an advertisement | d) rejoicing. |
| 5. I don’t share your liking | e) insomnia. |
B.
| 1. Students have free access | a) earlier authorities. |
| 2. Alcohol causes damage | b) reference books. |
| 3. He bears a strong resemblance … | c) hard study. |
| 4. I share your aversion | d) his grandfather. |
| 5. The book contains references | e) the liver. |
C.
| 1. Can you see any difference | a) logic. |
| 2. I’ve got faith | b) colour? |
| 3. Every word confirms his pride … | c) his orchestra. |
| 4. The figures show a reduction | d) exports. |
| 5. He has designed some exercises | e) human nature. |
D.
| 1. The government announced its decision | a) the People’s Party. |
| 2. The book includes advice | b) drug abuse. |
| 3. The local paper ran a feature … | c) major issues. |
| 4. They lifted the ban | d) the future of the railways. |
| 5. The two sides stressed their agreement | e) play materials and toys. |
E.
| 1. Let me take a guess | a) change. |
| 2. I took your hint | b) its name. |
| 3. They hamper his attempts … | c) my impudence. |
| 4. They don’t control attendance | d) his confession. |
| 5. She couldn’t conceal her embarrassment | e) evening classes. |
F.
| 1. I resent your suspicion | a) trifles. |
| 2. He developed a complex | b) the accident. |
| 3. He made some predictions … | c) my motives. |
| 4. Don’t make so much fuss | d) the outcome of the election. |
| 5. He omitted a few details | e) his sexuality. |
Make the correct choice of the preposition.
1. a) They must remove the underlying cause for/of ill health.
b) They must have some gross cause for/of distress.
2. a) He showed a professional concern for/over accuracy.
b) He voiced growing concern for/over the waste of public money.
3. a) She had a bad memory for/of dates.
b) She cherished the memory for/of the happy day.
4. a) The boy has no fear for/of animals.
b) The boy has an unaccountable fear for/of his own safety.
5. a) We have a keen appreciation for/of the danger.
b) We ought to show our real appreciation for/of his efforts.
6. a) He made a faint attempt at/on a joke.
b) He made an attempt at/on his wife’s life.
7. a) The report contains the outlook for/on food and energy prices.
b) The book reveals the author’s outlook for/on life.
8. a) You are making good progress towards/with your English.
b) We have made some progress towards/with ending the civil war.
9. a) Do you have sympathy for/with that viewpoint?
b) Don’t you feel sympathy for/with the poor widow?
10. a) We received about a dozen applications for/to the post.
b) We made an application for/to the court.
11. a) The magazine had the usual hints of/on fashion and cookery.
b) Her smile held a tiny hint of/on a challenge.
· Tense Forms of the Verb
Does the Russian language mark the difference between a) and b) in its grammatical forms? Translate into Russian.
A.
1. a) Burning oil produces carbon dioxide.
b) Burning oil has produced carbon dioxide.
2. a) The treatment clears the sinuses.
b) The treatment has cleared the sinuses.
3. a) She cooks the chicken the way I like it.
b) She’ s cooked the chicken the way I like it.
B.
1. a) He reads the Guardian.
b) He’ s reading the Guardian.
2. a) She watches television with the cat on her lap.
b) She’ s watching television with the cat on her lap.
3. a) The plane carries 30 passengers.
b) The plane is carrying 30 passengers.
C.
1. a) His family controlled the Times for more than a century.
b) His family has controlled the Times for more than a century.
2. a) Henry borrowed some of my records.
b) Henry’ s borrowed some of my records.
3. a) Did anyone call an ambulance?
b) Has anyone called an ambulance?
D.
1. a) They painted the outside of the house.
b) They were painting the outside of the house.
2. a) He read the contract carefully.
b) He was reading the contract carefully.
3. a) She wore an enormous hat.
b) She was wearing an enormous hat.
E.
1. a) I’ m not eating anything today.
b) I haven’t eaten anything today.
2. a) They ’re building a new ring-road round the city.
b) They ’ve built a new ring-road round the city.
3. a) She ’s making a good progress with her German.
b) She ’s made a good progress with her German.
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| Translate the sentences from Russian into English. | | | Discuss the difference in meaning between a) and b), in each pair of sentences. |