The Netherlands has abundant underground natural resources. They include natural gas, oil, coal, rock salt, groundwater, geothermal energy and surface minerals. The overexploitation of natural resources (which can result, for example, in a fall in groundwater levels) must be avoided, as must be the premature abandonment of gasfields.
Utility companies (such as the water supply companies) and industry (particularly the manufacturers of construction materials, the groundwater abstractors, the petroleum companies and the chemical industry) are largely responsible for the exploration and the exploitation of the natural resources in the Netherlands.
Geo space
The very shallow subsurface is increasingly used for infrastructural facilities such as foundations, pipelines, storage tanks, tunnels, utility facilities and so on. The technique for installing infrastructure in the soil and subsurface fall in the domain of geotechnical engineering which is an important component of civil engineering.
The subsurface can also be used for the storage of energy (i.e. cold, heat, compressed air, natural gas, oil) and energy wastes (e.g. carbon oxide in sandstone, nuclear waste in rock salt) and chemical waste products.
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