E x e r c i s e s. I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following international words from the text;

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following international words from the text;

category, plateau, ocean, form (v), process, massive, system, orogenic, continent, geologic, period, accumulate, zone, object, magma, volcano, result, million, horizontal, type, material, lava, alluvial, characteristics, meter, canyon

II. Find in the text N's + N, N + of + N word combinations and translate them.

III .Find in the text sentences with participle 1 and translate them

IV .Find in the text compound_words and translate them.

V. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. The sedimentary rocks are folded, …..2. Upwarped mountains often have …..

3. Plains are sometimes called …..

VI. Give subtitles for paragraphs of the text.

VІI. Comprehension questіons;

1.What are categories of earth's landforms? 2. Where can mountains be found? 3.How were the Appalachian mountains formed? 4. What do we call faults? 5.When are upwarped mountains formed? 6. How are fold mountains developed? 7. What happens when a continent breaks apart? 8. How long may the depositional stage continue? 9. What happens in the orogenic stage? 10. What are types of plains? 11. Are plateaus high? 12. When are plateaus formed?

VIII. Annotate the second paragraph.

IX. Find the sentence describing the alluvial plains.

X. What characteristics describe the orogenic stage.

XI. Make up a scheme to demonstrate land forms.

Text B

Earth's structure

I. Read aloud and memorize the following words;

average (v)– дорівнювати в середньому

call (v)– називати

consist of – складатися з

dense – щільний

dig – копати

estimate (v) – підраховувати

extremely – надзвичайно

flow – текти

inner – внутрішній

intensely – надзвичайно

outer – зовнішній

reach – досягати

the... the – чим..., тим...

thickness – товщина

II. Expressions for the text comprehension:

earth's crust – земна кора

flexible mantle – гнучка мантія

hot material – гарячий матеріал

in between – між ними

iron-nickel core – залізно-нікелеве ядро

land area – земна площа

liquid iron core – рідинне залізне ядро

major layer – найважливіший шар

solid core – тверде ядро

surface crust – поверхнева кора

Earth's structure

Earth consists of three major layers or zones - a dense iron-nickel core, a surface crust and a flexible mantle in between. The thickness of earth's crust varies. Earth's crust is thickest where there are continents - the major land areas of earth - and averages about 40 kilometers in thickness. Under the oceans where it does not support huge land-masses the crust averages only about eight kilometers in thickness.

Earth's second layer called the mantle is made of mostly extremely hot material that can flow under pressure. Digging through it would be quite a task. The mantle is 2.900 kilometers thick. Temperatures vary from 870°C near the top of the mantle to 3000°C at the bottom. The closer to earth's centre, the higher the temperatures and pressure. The layer beneath the mantle is even hotter. In the outer liquid iron core which is about 2.250 kilometers thick temeperatures can reach 6.100°C.

Inside this intensely hot outer core is the inner solid iron and nickel core - the hottest part. Scientists estimate that temperatures in the inner solid core may be as high as 7.000°C.

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