I. Read and translate the text.

International trade

International - международный	Option - выбор, альтернатива, (возможный) вариант
Exchange - обмен	Sole – единственный, единоличный
Depend on – зависеть от	on behalf of – в интересах кого-то
Government - правительство	Branch - отрасль
measures - меры	Permission - разрешение
Duties - налог, пошлина,	Manufacture - производить
Quota - доля, квота, часть	Subsidiary - дочерний (о компании) [səb'sɪdɪ(ə)rɪ]
Quantity - качество	joint venture – совместное предприятие
To allow - позволять	Profit – прибыль. доход
To raise - поднимать	Soil - почва
to protect - защищать	raw materials - сырье
Trade -торговля	labour force - рабочая сила
To reduce - сокращать	Favourable - благоприятный
Restriction - ограничение	Condition - условие
To choose (chose- chosen) - выбирать	(un) suitable – подходящий (неподходящий)
Various - различный	Supply - запас

I. Read and translate the text.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can export (sell goods to another country) and import (buy goods from another country). Governments can control international trade. The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to protect domestically produced goods. International organisations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.

Companies can choose from various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts such as sole agents or multi-distributors, who have a special knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell, or give permission to use, patents and licences for their products. Companies may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either set up a a local subsidiary or joint venture with a local partner.

Nations trade with each other because they expect to have profit. Some countries have unique climate or soil, others have valiable raw materials, skilled labour forces or favourable geographic situation. For example, Colombia has the right climate to grow coffee beans or Morocco has the suitable conditions for producing bananas. Ukraine is incapable to do this because of unsuitable climate. So, coffee and bananas are an important export product for Colombia and Morocco and an important inport for Ukraine.

Another example for the importance of overseas trade is a supply of raw materials. For some countries raw materials are major imports. Most of the countries in Western Europe must import oil. They lack this product which is an important source of energy for the industries.

International trade allows countries to specialize in the goods and services that they produce best, satisfying their needs by importing commodities that they do not produce themselves.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-16