B) Translate 3 paragraphs in written form.

MOSCOW'S PUBLIC TRANSPORT

1 How is the capital of our country called by its geografical position? -It is often called the port of five seas. 2 How many suburban passengers use the Moscow railway stations every day? - A great num­ber of suburban passengers use the Moscow railway stations every day and they need transport in the city. 3 What are the main problems of the city’s transport authorities?- In dealing with the passenger transportation problems the city planners intend to rely mainly on public transport. 4 What is the main task of Moscow public transport’s development?- All types of city transport are to be developed so that each Muscovite will be able to reach any part of the cityin30 minutes. 5 How many railway stations are there in Moscow?- There are nine railway stations in Moscow.

(1) Moscow is a very large transportation centre. It is often called the port of five seas. One can sail from Mos­cow to the Baltic, Caspian, Black, Azov and White Seas. There are nine railway stations in Moscow. A great num­ber of suburban passengers use the Moscow railway stations every day and they need transport in the city. With the population reaching over 8 million, it is not an easy job to provide transit to millions of passengers each day. In dealing with the passenger transportation problems the city planners intend to rely mainly on public transport. All types of city transport are to be developed so that each Muscovite will be able to reach any part of the cityin30 minutes (now on the average it takes him 40 minutes).

Москва является очень большим транспортным центром. Ее часто называют портом пяти морей. Каждый может плыть из Москвы до Балтийского, Каспийского, Черного, Азовского и Белого морей. В Москве есть девять железнодорожных вокзалов. Большое количество пригородных пассажиров каждый день пользуются Московской железнодорожной станцией, и они нуждаются в транспорте в городе. С населением более чем 8 миллионов, это не легкая работа для обеспечения транзита миллионов пассажиров каждый день. В решении проблем пассажирских перевозок градостроители намерены полагаться в основном на общественный транспорт. Все виды городского транспорта должны быть разработаны так, чтобы каждый москвич смог добраться в любую часть города за 30 минут (сейчас в среднем она занимает около 40 минут).

1 What is the most efficient city rapid transit system? 2 What kind of traction is used in the metro? 3 How many passengers are handled by the Moscow Metro every day? 4 What is to be built in Moscow metro according to the city Master Plan? 5 Where will the express lines run?

(2) The metro is the most efficient rapid transit system. The Moscow Metro is serviced by electric trains carrying over 6 million passengers every day, more than any other underground system of the world. According to the city Master Plan a large metro circle line is to be built in Moscow, with express lines radiating 30 km beyond the city limits. These will run to large “satellite towns”, airports and rest zones. There will be direct Metro service between all the districts of the city.

(1) 1 What other public city routes carry passen­gers in Moscow?-Buses. 2 How many passengers are handled by the bus routes every day? - In general, buses handle about 5 million passengers daily. 3 What is done in order to make the capital’s air cleaner? - In order to make the capital’s air cleaner new buses are being put into service which run on liquefied gas. 4 What is another reason to use such kind of fuel?- They are more economical than those operat­ing on petrol or diesel fuel.  

(2) The bus routes operating in the city carry passen­gers to Metro stations. In general, buses handle about 5 million passengers daily. In order to make the capital’s air cleaner new buses are being put into service which run on liquefied gas. They are more economical than those operat­ing on petrol or diesel fuel.

Автобусные маршруты, действующие в городе, провозят пассажиров к станции метро. В общем, автобусы обрабатывают около 5 миллионов пассажиров ежедневно. Для того чтобы воздух был чище, в настоящее время ввели в эксплуатацию новые автобусы, которые работают на сжиженном газе. Они более экономичны, по сравнению работающих на бензине или дизельном топливе.

1 Why can trolleybuses better meet the ecological requirements? 2 What place do they take in the city for the number of passengers? 3 Characterize a modern trolleybus. 4 How many of passengers do they handle every day?

(4) The trolleybuses can better meet the ecological requirements because they run on electricity. They take the third place in the city for the number of passengers – about 3 million passengers each day. The trolleybus of today has an all-metal, streamlined body, an automatic control system, improved finishing of the passenger saloon, a ven­tilation system which provides heating in winter. In ad­dition, it has a larger passenger capacity.

1 What can a tram be called in English? 2 What kind of city transport is a modern tram? 3 What is the speed of the tram? 4 What stands for kph? 5 What are the drawbacks of a tram?

(5) The streetcar, or tram, also does its useful job in Moscow streets. A new improved version of tram for Mos­cow and other Russian cities has been recently produced in St Petersburg. It consists of two articulated parts over 22 m in length which can carry more than 300 passengers. The tram can travel at up to 60 kph. So it can be used on rapid lines. The tram, however, produces much noise and is usually replaced by trolleybuses in major streets.

1 What has been introduced in Moscow in order to improve the operation of city transport? - In order to improve the operation of city transport the “Start” traffic control system has been introduced in Moscow. 2 How does “Start” work? - The system’s TV cameras control the crossroads inside Sadovoye Koltso, one of the busiest thoroughfares of the capital. 3 What decides in which direction the traffic should be directed to avoid traffic jams? - The dispatcher’s centre is decide in which direction the traffic should be directed to avoid traffic jams and many other traffic problems. 4 What do the system’s TV cameras control?- The electronic computers do the system’s TV cameras control.

(6) In order to improve the operation of city transport the “Start” traffic control system has been introduced in Moscow. The system’s TV cameras control the crossroads inside Sadovoye Koltso, one of the busiest thoroughfares of the capital. The cameras transmit all the necessary information to the dispatcher’s centre which is equipped with electronic computers. They decide in which direction the traffic should be directed to avoid traffic jams and many other traffic problems.

В целях улучшения работы городского транспорта "Запуск", система управления движением была введена в Москве. Системы видеокамер контролируют перекрестки внутри Садового кольца, одной из самых оживленных магистралей столицы. Камеры передают всю необходимую информацию в центр диспетчера, который оснащен компьютерами. Они решают, в каком направлении движения должны быть направлены, чтобы избежать пробок и многие другие проблемы трафика.

4 Agree or disagree with three statements given below using the remarks from the box.

I completely/fully agree that … I disagree with the statement that … I’m afraid that not quite right. I wouldn’t say that … It’s (not) true that … That’s (not) (quite) right that … There is no information in the text about that.

1 The city planners intend to rely on the individual motor cars.

2 A large metro circle line is being built in Mos­cow.

3 The express lines radiating from the circle line will run in different directions within the city limits.

4 In the future all “satellite towns” will be connected with Moscow by metro lines.- I completely agree that in the future all “satellite towns” will be connected with Moscow by metro lines

5 The buses running on diesel fuel are more economical than those operating on liquefied gas.-

I’m afraid that not quite right the statement.

6 Improved finishing of passenger saloons makes mod­ern trolleybuses more attractive.

7 The tram does not find any use in Moscow streets.

8 Traffic jams at some busy crossroads are avoided thanks to the “Start” system.- I wouldn’t say that traffic jams at some busy crossroads are avoided thanks to the “Start” system.

9 The system’s TV cameras control the crossroads inside Sadovoye Koltso, one of the quietest thoroughfares of the capital.

10 The cameras transmitted all the necessary information to the dispatcher’s centre and now there are other means of traffic control.

11 The ven­tilation system of trolleybus provides heating in winter as well as cooling in summer.

12 In order to make the capital’s air cleaner new buses are being put into service which run on liquefied gas.

13 The trolleybus of today consists of two articulated parts over 22 m in length which can carry more than 300 passengers.

14 The tram of today has an all-metal, streamlined body, an automatic control system, improved finishing of the passenger saloon, a ven­tilation system which provides heating in winter.

15 The main disadvantages of the tram are its noise and the necessity of using rails.

EXERCISES

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