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A. Metaphors Metaphors compare things that are not really alike. The comparison is figurative (imaginary), not literal (real). For example, the U.S. Constitution is compared to a chart (map) that guides someone sailing a ship. Note that metaphors compare two things without using the words as or like.
Answer the following questions.
1. What is President Nixon compared to? __________________
2. What is the amendment requiring separation of church and state compared to?
____________________________
B. Analogies An analogy is another type of comparison. In analogies, the comparisons are between things that are similar.
Example:
The president is to the national government as a ______ is to a state government. (senator, governor, representative)
Governor is the answer because both are heads of the executive branch of government.
Complete these analogies by writing the correct choices on the blank lines.
1. The chart and compass are to a ship as the _______ is/are to the U.S.
(ocean, stars, Constitution)
2. Congressmen and congresswomen are to the House of Representatives as _______ are to the Senate. (senators, judges, cabinet members)
Understanding idioms and expressions
On each blank line, write the letter of the correct phrase to complete the sentence.
1. The upper house of Congress _ ____.
a. meets in a room above the lower house
b. is called the Senate
2. Each member of the lower house is __ __.
a. elected by one district of a state
b. called a senator
3. Such as means _______.
a. of course
b. for example
4. Carried out means _____.
a. followed, performed, done
b. removed by force
5. The expression checks and balances refers to ________.
a. the relationship between the two houses of Congress
b. the relationship between the three branches of the federal government
6. Obstruction of justice means ____.
a. committing a crime
b. withholding evidence about a crime
7. Free speech means _____.
a. people have the right to express all kinds of ideas
b. there is no charge to hear speeches
Taking words apart
In English many verbs can be made into nouns by adding the suffix –tion or –ment. Change each of the following verbs into a noun that ends with one of these two suffixes. Be careful. Sometimes additional spelling changes are needed before adding the suffix.
1. amend ___________
2. apply ____________
3. appoint __________
4. elect ____________
5. govern ___________
6. interpret __________
7. prohibit ___________
8. protect ____________
9. regulate ___________
10. resign ____________
11. separate __________
12. state (say) _________
13. violate ______ ___
Practising sentence patterns
Notice the use of neither and nor in the text. These are negative words. When they are used, the verb is affirmative, but the meaning of the sentence is negative.
Example
I have neither a car nor a bicycle. (I don't have either one.)
Also notice that in neither / nor sentences, the verb must agree with the closest noun.
Examples
Neither my dad nor my sisters have a car. Neither my sisters nor my dad has a car.
Write two sentences with neither/nor using the subjects given and information from the text.
1. president / vice president: ____________________________________
2. senators / congressmen: ______________________________________
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