The Carbohydrates.

The Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides. Stereoisomerism. Cyclo-oxo tautemerism. The chemical properties.

Simple carbohydrates. Monosaccharides and its classification. Aldose, ketose; triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose.

Nucleophylic substitution reaction of anomer centre in cyclic forms of monosaccharides. O- and N- glycoside. Hydrolysis of glycoside. Phosphate of monosaccharides. Acylation of aminosugar.

Oxidation of monosaccharides. Reduction properties of aldose. Gluconic, glucaric, glucuronic cids.

Reduction of monosaccharides (sorbit, mannite, dulcet).

Stereoisomerism of monosaccharides. D and L-stereo-chemical rows. Open and cyclic forms. The formulas of Fisher and Cheourse. Furanose and pyranose; α- and β-anomers. Cyclo-oxo tautemerism. Conformation of pyranose form of monosaccharides.

Structure of the most important representatives of pentose (ribose, xilose); hexose (glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose); deoxysugar (α-deoxyribose); aminosugar (glucosamine, mannosamine, galactosamine).

Oligosaccharides. Disaccharides: maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sacrose. The structure. Cyclo-oxo tautemerism. Reduction properties. Hydrolysis.

Polysaccharides. Homopolysaccharides. Heteropolysaccharides.

Homopolysaccharides: starch (amilose and amilopectine), glycogen, cellulose. The notion about secondary structure (amilose).

Heteropolysaccharides: gialuronic acid, chindroitinesulphate. The primary structure. The notion about structure of heparin.

The notion about mixed carbon containing biopolymers. Glycoprotein.

Conformation of pyranose form of hexose. O and N-glycoside. Hydrolysis of glycoside. Acylation of aminosugar.

Conformation (arm-chair, bath) cyclic compounds (cyclohexane, tetrahydropirane), its relative potential energy.

Lipids.

Saponified lipids. Natural fat as mixture of triacylglycerine. Main natural high fatty acids, including in lipids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linolic, linolenic, arachidonic acids. Interrelation degree of saturation of acids with value of melting temperature of lipids.

Phospholipids. Phosphatidic acid. Phosphotidylethanolamines. Phosphatidylserine. Phosphotidylholine as structure components celluar membrane.

Unsaponified lipids. Steroids. The biological role of steroid. Sterine. Holesterin. The vitamins of the group D. Bilious acids. Cholic acid. Glycocholic acid. Taurocholic acid. The notion about steroids hormones.

Glycolipids. Notion.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14