Computers in our life 2 страница

Task 6.

Translate the following English words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

emergence of science, the laws of development of nature and society, to crystallise productive experience, to elaborate a project, the creator of the biosphere theory, the Earth surface, significant event, society based on principles of social equality and democracy, to design and launch satellites, large body of scientists, the field of electric welding, cybernetics, industrial production of artificial diamonds, the father of electronic welding, hidden welding technique, to head, speed electronic beam evaporation, joint venture.

Task 7.

Find in the text antonyms to the following words:

the last, condensation, to decrease, natural, small

Task 8.

Read and translate the following groups of words:

to create – creator, creation, creature, creative, creativity;

to weld – a weld, welder, welding, weldability;

to build – bulder, building, rebuild.

Task 9.	Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
	1. alloy	a) представник
	2. knowledge	b) зварювання
	3. powder	c) сплав
	4. representative	d) внесок
	5. exploration	e) порошок
	6. satellite	f) дослідження
	7. contribution	g) знання
	8. welding	h) супутник

Task 10.

Form the nouns (doer of the action) to the following words according to the model and translate them into Ukrainian:

Model: to listen – listener - слухач

to develop	-
science	-
to found	-
to research	-
geology	-
to produce	-
mathematics	-
physics	-
to design	-
to conduct	-

Task 11.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Поступове накопичення практичного досвіду це основа людського розвитку.

2. В усьому світі використовують досягнення українських науковців у сфері електрозварювання.

3. Науковці проводять масштабні дослідження в таких галузях, як кібернетика, фізика, порошкова металургія та інші.

4. Києво-Могилянська Академія стала серцем української науки.

5. Євген Патон очолював лабораторію тестування мостів.

6. Науковці детально розробляють все нові і нові проекти.

Task 12.

Put the verbs in parentheses into correct tense form:

1. Scientist ______ (to work) at the laboratory every day.

2. At present more and more forests _____ (to disappear) because of fires.

3. Many people _____ (to recycle) rubbish nowadays.

4. Water ___ (to boil) at 100°C and _____ (to freeze) when the temperature ____ (to drop) below 0°C.

Task 13.

Fill in the table with the names of the Ukrainian scientists and spheres of their research:

Name	Field of research
1. Yevhen Paton	bridge building, welding
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Task 14.

Make up a plan to the text “Science in Ukraine” and get ready to retell it according to the plan.

Task 15.

You are going to take part in the students’ international conference “The Development of Science”. Write a report on the topic “Science in Ukraine”. Make use of the plan in the task 14.

Words and word combinations to be memorized:
	to achieve	досягати, отримувати
	artificial diamonds	штучні діаманти
	to appreciate	високо цінувати, оцінювати
	bridge	міст
	to convert	перетворювати, трансформувати
	Earth surface	поверхня землі
	to elaborate	детально розробляти
	emergence	поява
	to estimate	оцінювати
	evaporation	випаровування
	gradual accumulation	поступове накопичення
	to head	очолювати
	hidden welding technique	технологія прихованого зварювання
	joint venture	спільне підприємство
	large scale research	великомасштабне дослідження
	nucleus of the atom	ядро атома
	precursor	передвісник, попередник
	productive experience	виробничий досвід
	satellite	супутник
	significant discoveries	значні відкриття
	social equality and democracy	соціальна рівність та демократія
	space explorations	дослідження космосу
	to split	розщеплювати, роз’єднувати
	to supply	постачати
	system of knowledge	система знань

UNIT 3

FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Task 1.

Write some facts about computer and its history. Combine these with the others in your group and make a short informative report.

Task 2.

Imagine your own computer. What must it do? Present your thoughts in a few words.

Task 3.

Before reading the text pay attention to the pronunciation of the letter ‘s’ at the end of the plurals:

a) computers, years, numbers, thousands, needs, kinds, spheres, hundreds, schools, lessons, questions, rhymes, games;

b) notes, ropes, marks, scientists, achievements, components, digits, checks, subjects, experts;

c) diagnoses, messages, switches, sentences, properties, capabilities.

Task 4.

You are going to read about history of computer. Seven sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from the sentences (A-H) the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (1).

A. But he never built it.

B. In their opinion, computers block the imagination and spontaneity of young people.

C. The educated man of 25 — 30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers.

D. You can use a computer to write a letter, design a house, draw a picture or exchange messages with someone around the world.

E. Nearly one hundred and fifty years ago there were no such things as computers.

F. Every day we hear about new uses of the computer.

G. There are three kinds of computers: digital, analogue and hybrid.

H. It used thousands of electrical switches that clicked on and off to compute data.

The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. 1. C. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant knowledge about computers.

The computer is no doubt the most amazing achievement of mankind. It is a data storage system created by man. A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.

The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count. 2. _______. Knotted ropes, marks in clay, the abacus are all methods of keeping track of numbers.

In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer. 3. _______. If Babbage had been able to get enough money to build the computer, the analytical engine would have been as big as a locomotive. It would have been able to store 1,000 50-digit numbers.

During the 70 years following Babbage’s death in 1871, computer scientists improved on Babbage’s original idea. In 1939, Harvard University physicist Howard Aiken built the forerunner of today’s computer. 4. _______. It was much slower than later computers, which use electronic components instead of switches.

In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950. Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M-220, Nairi-3, Strela, Dniepr were created in our country.

5. ______. An analogue computer computes by using physical analogue of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analogue computers.

Invention of electronic computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. The significance of it can be compared with the invention of the steam-engine and the utilisation of atomic energy.

Nowadays computers greatly increase man’s thinking capabilities of planning, analysing, computing and controlling. Hundreds of computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and missile design to the processing of bank checks, weather forecasting, manufacturing, research and medical diagnoses. Computers are everywhere. 6. _______.

Computer technology is a rapidly growing industry. According to the technical experts it is very educational. They say that computers help children to learn much more quickly. In some Japanese elementary schools there are already lessons on using computers. For older children the electronic diary was produced. Many young people in Tokyo use it for taking notes, doing homework, drawing and keeping telephone numbers. There’s also some equipment which is like an electronic teacher. This computer answers questions on all scholastic subjects from biology to geography. At home the computer is becoming a kind of technological grandmother. It sings nursery rhymes, tells fairy stories and helps with homework. But young people’s true passion is videogames. Some experts are alarmed. 7. _______. And there are a lot of videogames which are violent and not educational.

Task 5.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

освічена людина, базові знання, найбільш дивовижне досягнення людства, помітки на глині, винахідник, аналітичний двигун, попередник, комп’ютер змішаного типу, розробка ракет, прогноз погоди, електронний щоденник, для того щоб, найпростіша мова програмування, більш повний, виводити математичні формули, перевага, програмне забезпечення, комп’ютерне обладнання, надзвичайний технологічний розвиток, промислове підприємство, ефективна робота.

Task 6.	Make up word combinations from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:
	1. analytical	a) computer
	2. missile	b) knowledge
	3. data storage	c) schools
	4. elementary	d) engine
	5. electronic digital	e) measurements
	6. weather	f) system
	7. significant	g) design
Task 7.	Translate the following English words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

data storage system, knotted ropes, marks in clay, abacus, keeping track of numbers, as big as a locomotive, the forerunner of today’s computer, exchange messages with someone, rapidly growing industry, a kind of technological grandmother, true passion, to communicate with computer, the first mechanical calculator, a problem oriented high level programming language, a household word, to indicate the degree of modernity, the working out.

Task 8.

Explain the following words and word combinations in English without translation:

computer, knowledge, forerunner, digital computer, PASCAL, software, hardware.

Task 9.

Find in the box the endings to the following words to make up word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. to get …, 2. to build …, 3. to store …, 4. to improve on …, 5. to compute …, 6. to combine …, 7. to be …, to 8. to penetrate into …, 9. to write …, 10. to design …, 11. to draw …, 12. to take …, 13. to keep …, 14. to answer …, 15. to sing …, 16. to tell …, 17. to help with …, 18. to block ….

a) telephone numbers, b) a picture, c) one of the greatest achievements, d) data, e) the imagination, f) homework, g) idea, h) notes, i) money, j) properties, k) nursery rhymes, l) a letter, m) the computer, n) numbers, o) sphere, p) a house, q) the question, r) fairy story

Task 10.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Англійський винахідник першим розробив комп’ютер, але не побудував його.

2. Існує три типи комп’ютерів, найкращій з них – змішаного типу.

3. За допомогою комп’ютера ми можемо проводити медичну діагностику та прогнозувати погоду.

4. Комп’ютерна промисловість швидко розвивається.

5. Перший цифровий комп’ютер в Україні було розроблено в 1950 році.

6. Людина широко використовує комп’ютери у всіх сферах життя.

7. Комп’ютери допомагають дітям вивчати шкільні предмети.

Task 11.

Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.

2. Invention of computers is one of the greatest achievements of mankind.

3. Experts say that computers help children to learn much more quickly.

4. A digital computer computes by using numbers or digits.

5. In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950.

Task 12.

Put all possible questions to the following sentence and its members:

Computers penetrate into all spheres of our modern society.

Task 13.

Fill in the table with the necessary information:

Computers in our life

Advantages	Disadvantages

	Task 14.	Say a few words about advantages and disadvantages of using computers in our life. The information from the table above may be useful.
	Task 15.	Working in groups discuss with your partners the following: What can be done with the help of computer? How do people use computer for their work or study? Where is computer used in industry?
	Task 16.	Write a short essay on the topic: “Can you imagine your life without computer?”
Words and word combinations to be memorized:
	achievement	досягнення
	abacus	абака, рахівниця
	clay	глина
	to combine	поєднувати, об’єднувати
	to compare	порівнювати
	to compute	обчислювати
	daily use	повсякденне використання
	data storage system	система збереження даних
	electronic diary	електронний щоденник
	equipment	обладнання
	forerunner	попередник
	hybrid (adj.)	змішаного типу
	imagination	уява
	to improve	покращувати
	mankind	людство
	missile	ракета
	modernity	сучасність
	notes	нотатки
	numerical measurements	числові вимірювання
	nursery rhymes	колискові пісні
	scholastic	учбовий, шкільний
	steam-engine	паровий двигун
	to store	зберігати
	switch	перемикач
	violent	інтенсивний, насильницький
	UNIT 4	WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Task 1.

List the main components of the computer you know. Combine your list with the others in your group and discuss the function each component has.

Task 2.

Before you read the text answer the question: What do you know about software and hardware?

Task 3.

Before reading the text pay attention to the pronunciation of the letters ‘ch’:

a) change, chief, teach, choose, chain, chance, research;

b) school, character, technology, chemistry, mechanics, chronic;

c) machine,.

Task 4.	Read the text above and complete the table using the information from the text:
	name	function
hardware		to tape the information
	CPU
		to output the information from computer to paper
software

Computers are fast and efficient machines that can do in seconds what would take a person hours, days, or even months. They have become an important part of our lives.

Since the first-generation computers were designed and built in the 1940s and 50s, computers have become very sophisticated and complex machines. Computers have decreased greatly in price. Computer technology has changed the way we live and created problems. Computers have created new ways to commit fraud, and they have posed new ethical problems. Every day we hear about new uses of the computer. Computers are used more and more in business, industry, agriculture, at home.

An important use of computers is in education. It is called computer assisted instruction. It is becoming more and more popular at all levels of education from pre-school to university. There are computer games that teach 3-year-olds how to read and spell. Starting in kindergarten, computers are used in the classroom to allow students to work without a teacher on subjects ranging from mathematics to reading, and from history to English.

Many people fear the computer because they do not really understand it. “Computer literacy” is a new term used to describe a working knowledge of the computer and a familiarity with the terminology. The growth of computer technologies has eliminated many jobs. But computers create as many jobs as they take away.

So, what is a computer? A computer is a high-speed electronic machine used for word and data processing. In its simplest configuration, a computer system consists of three components. These parts are an input device (keyboard), the central processing unit (CPU), and an output device (printer). These are usually referred to as “hardware”. Software is needed to make this hardware capable of performing useful operations. Software is a collection of different types of programs that make the computer run.

The keyboard is the most common input device. Once the programs and data are typed on the terminal keyboard, they are transferred into the computer memory. The typed material appears either on paper or on a screen.

The central processing unit is the brain and the heart of the computer system.

The memory of the computer is its storage area. The capacity of the memory is measured in thousands of characters, usually referred to as kilos of bytes. Each byte can store one character. For example, if the word English were to be stored in memory, it would use seven bytes. Each letter would use one byte for a total of seven. A small system with 8 K bytes (8 kilos of bytes) has a main storage area of approximately eight thousand characters.

The control unit is the chief executive of the computer system. All the other components of the computer are directed by the control unit. It supervises all the operations in the system. The control unit gets the instructions from memory, executes them, and orders the input and output devices to perform. The memory and the control unit are parts of the central processing unit.

Task 5.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

універсальний комп’ютер, значно більша швидкість та точність, блок пам’яті, надсилати сигнал, обробляти дані, дослідницькі центри, широко застосовувати, блок управління, важлива частина життя, складні машини, значно подорожчати, допоміжні інструкції, “комп’ютерна грамотність”, обробка даних, контролювати операції системи.

Task 6.

Translate into Ukrainian the following English word combinations:

fast and efficient machines, first-generation, sophisticated and complex, to create, to commit fraud, to pose, to allow, to fear, computer literacy, to eliminate, data processing, in its simplest configuration, input device (keyboard), central processing unit (CPU), output device (printer), hardware, programs and data, computer memory, screen, storage area, the capacity of the memory, to store, character, byte, to supervise, vast improvements, research laboratories.

Task 7.

Find in the text antonyms to the following words:

slow, undo, unimportant, simple, increase, old, less, to forbid, decline, input, soft, disappear, the same, to give.

Task 8.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

1. A computer	is	a) the most common input device.
2. The central processing unit	b) a collection of different types of programs that make the computer run.
3. The keyboard	c) its storage area.
4. The memory of the computer	d) a high-speed electronic machine used for word and data processing.
5. Software	e) the supervisor of all the operations in the system.
6. The control unit	f) the brain and the heart of the computer system.

Task 9.

Find the odd word out in each of these short lists:

1. quick, fast, slow, rapid;

2. printer, keyboard, vacuum cleaner, scanner;

3. device, pool, tool, instrument;

4. date, information, data, fact.

Task 10.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Сучасні комп’ютери це швидкі та складні машини.

2. Комп’ютери використовуються в таких сферах як промисловість, навчання, сільське господарство та ін.

3. З часом комп’ютери замінюють працівників в одній сфері, але створюють робочі місця в іншій.

4. Основна функція комп’ютера це збереження та обробка даних.

5. Ми можемо ввести дані в комп’ютер за допомогою клавіатури, а вивести за допомогою принтеру.

6. Серце комп’ютера це блок управління, який керує всіма процесами.

Task 11.

Work in pairs. Imagine that one of you wants to buy computer (buyer), and the second is well-informed about computers (seller). Make up the dialogue and dramatize it.

Task 12.	Pick up from the text all the words relating to the topic COMPUTER:
computer, to store, …

Task 13.	Write a short story on the topic: “Computer: is it good or bad?”
Words and word combinations to be memorized:
1.	agriculture	сільське господарство
2.	central processing unit (CPU)	центральний процесор
3.	character	символ, літера, знак
4.	to commit	здійснювати
5.	control unit	блок управління
6.	to decrease	зменшувати
7.	to direct	управляти, спрямовувати
8.	efficient	результативний, ефективний
9.	to eliminate	ліквідувати, усувати
10.	to execute	виконувати
11.	familiarity	знання, ознайомленість
12.	to fear	боятися
13.	first-generation computers	комп’ютери першого покоління
14.	fraud	шахрайство
15.	hardware	технічне забезпечення
16.	input device	вхідний пристрій
17.	output device	пристрій виводу даних
18.	to perform	виконувати, здійснювати
19.	to pose	формулювати, пропонувати
20.	software	програмне забезпечення
21.	sophisticated	складний, удосконалений
22.	to spell	вимовляти (по літерах)
23.	storage area	ділянка пам’яті
24.	to store	зберігати
25.	to supervise	наглядати, спостерігати

UNIT 5	TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGY PROBLEMS
Task 1.	Discuss with your partner the following questions:

1. What is environment?

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