Vocabulary 1.2.

Vocabulary 1.1

Develop [diˈveləp]- развивать \Development [dɪ'veləpmənt]-– развитие

Perceive [pə'siːv]– воспринимать \Gain – получать, приобретать

Refer – означать; иметь отношение, относиться; касаться

Interact [ˌɪntər'ækt] - взаимодействовать; влиять друг на друга

Interaction – взаимодействие \Influence – влияние, действие, воздействие

an adolescent [ˌæd(ə)'les(ə)nt]– молодой человек; юноша; девушка; подросток

experience [ɪk'spɪərɪən(t)s] - (жизненный) опыт \depend on [dɪ'pend]– зависеть от

1. Cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his or her world through [θruː] the interaction and influence of genetic and learned factors. For example, if you gave blocks to Sam, who is 5 months old (top right photo), he would surely put one into his mouth. If you gave the same blocks to Sam when he was 2 years old (bottom right photo), he might stack (stack=складывать с столбик) them. If you gave the same blocks to Sam when he was an adolescent, he might play a game of throwing them into a can (банка). What Sam does with blocks depends on his experience and level of cognitive development.

Word study

EX. 1 In each of these groups two verbs are synonyms. Decide which of the three verbs (or verb phrases) in each group is the odd one out.

1. Refer, depend, mean

2. Depend on, be influenced by, determine

3. Gain, lose, get

EX.2 Read the following sentences and choose the most suitable word to complete each phrase or sentence.

1. the i___________ of television violence

2. the term "cognitive" almost invariably r________ to the mental process involved in knowing, learning, and understanding things

3. e___________ is knowledge or skill in a particular activity, which you have gained because you have done that activity for a long time.

4. If you say that one thing d___________ on another, you mean that the first thing will be determined by the second.

5. An a______________ is a young person in the process of developing from a child into an adult

Vocabulary 1.2.

An impact ['ɪmpækt] - сильное воздействие; влияние \Solve - решать, разрешать (проблему и т. п.);

Setting – окружающая обстановка, окружение

Influential [ˌɪnflu'enʃəl]- влиятельный, важный \A scientist ['saɪəntɪst]– учёный; научный работник

involved in - связанный, вовлечённый, участвующий в (чём-либо)

assimilation [əˌsɪmɪ'leɪʃn] – ассимиляция, уподобление, усвоение

Accommodation - аккомодация, приспособление, подстраивание под новые условия

2. Jean Piaget. In the history of developmental psychology, the person who had the greatest impact on the study of cognitive development was Jean Piaget, who was both a biologist and a psychologist. From the 1920s to his death in 1980, Piaget (1929) studied how children solved problems in their natural settings, such as cribs, sandboxes, and playgrounds. Piaget developed one of the most influential theories of cognitive development.

Piaget believed that from early on, a child acts like a tiny scientist who is actively involved in making guesses or hypotheses about how the world works.

For example, when given blocks, 5-month-old Sam puts them into his mouth, while 2-year-old Sam tries to stack them, and adolescent Sam laughs and plays a game of tossing blocks into a can. Piaget believed that children learned to understand things, such as what to do with blocks, through two active processes that he called assimilation and accommodation.

Ex.3 In each of these groups two nouns are synonyms. Decide which of the three nouns (or noun phrases) in each group is the odd one out.

1. An impact, influence, dependence

2. Setting, knowledge, environment

3. Accommodation, constancy, modification

EX.4 Read the following sentences and choose the most suitable word to complete each phrase or sentence.

1. A___________ is the process of adapting or adjusting to someone or something.

2. The i_________ that something has on a situation or people is a powerful effect that it has on them.

3. When you s________ a problem, you find an answer to, explanation [ˌeksplə'neɪʃ(ə)n] for, or means of effectively dealing with it.

4. If a situation or activity i_________ someone, they are taking part in it.

5. Someone or something that is i____________ has a lot of influence over people or events.

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