Part 1. Climate Affections

Unit 3. Climate

Study the list of vocabulary and pronounce the words after the teacher:

Vocabulary:

affection [ə’fek∫ən] – воздействие, влияние

surrounding lowlands [sə’raundiŋ ’ləuləndz] – прилегающие низменности

moderating influence [’mɔdəreitiŋ ’influəns] – смягчающее влияние

to involve [tə in’vɔlv] – вовлекать

intense [in’tens] – сильный, интенсивный

average [’æv(ə)ridჳ] – средняя величина

total [’təutl] – сумма, итог, весь, целый, общий

extreme [iks’tri:m] – крайняя степень

to set a picture – дать представление

longitude [’lɔndჳitju:d] – долгота

latitude [’lætitju:d] – широта

altitude [’æltitju:d] – высота над уровнем моря

pattern – система, структура, образец

to affect [tə ə’fekt] – воздействовать, влиять

to effect [tə i’fekt] – воздействовать, влиять

dry land – суша, земля

physical conditions – физические условия

prevailing winds [pri’veiliŋ windz] – преобладающие ветры

pole [pəul] – полюс

equator [i’kweitə] – экватор

heart [ha:t] – сердце

ocean currents [’əu∫(ə)n ’kлrənts] – океанические течения

nearness to the sea/ocean – близость к морю/океану

generally – в основном

to classify [tə ’klæsifai] – классифицировать

to take into account [ə’kaunt] – принимать к сведению

rainfall – количество осадков, ливень

combination – соединение, сочетание, комбинация

torrid [’tɔrid] – жаркий, знойный, тропический

temperate [’temp(ə)rit] – умеренный

frigid [’fridჳid] – холодный

wet – сырой

humid [’hju:mid] – влажный

sub-humid – полувлажный

semi-arid [‚semi ’ærid] – полупустынный

arid [’ærid] – пустынный

to retain – удержать

to heat [tə hi:t] – нагревать(ся)

heat – тепло, жара

to furnish [tə ’fə:ni∫] – давать, доставлять

disaster [di’za:stə] – бедствие, несчастье

drought [draut] – засуха

dike [daik] – дамба, плотина, насыпь

to rise [tə raiz] (rose [rəuz], risen [’riz(ə)n)]) – подниматься

flood [flлd] – наводнение

hurricane [’hлrikən] – ураган

spiral [’spai(ə)rəl] – спираль

Exercise 1. Practice the reading of the following words:

weather pattern, average weather, ocean currents, latitude, the sun’s rays, altitude, moderating influence, most extreme climates, surrounding lowlands.

Exercise 2. Supply the Russian equivalents to the following expressions:

to set a picture of a weather pattern, nearness to the sea, a number of climate regions, nearer to the Poles, water takes longer to heat up, in the heart of the continent

Exercise 3. Supply the English equivalents to the following expressions:

температура и осадки, климат зависит от широты, солнечные лучи значительно менее интенсивны у полюсов, важное влияние, смягчающее влияние, океан удерживает тепло намного дольше, существует много факторов

Exercise 4. Read the text “Climate” and answer the following questions:

1. What is climate?

2. What does climate involve to set a picture of the weather pattern?

3. What is climate affected by?

4. Which climate factors are the most important?

5. How are climates often classified by?

6. What climate regions does the world have?

7. What does climate depend on?

8. Why tropical areas are warmer than regions nearer to the Poles?

9. How does altitude affect climate?

10. How does nearness to the ocean affect climate?

11. Where are the most extreme climates found?

Climate

Climate is the weather at a given place over a period of time. Or other words, climate is the average weather of a place. It involves averages, totals, and extremes to set a picture of the weather pattern. Climate is affected by the same physical conditions that affect weather: latitude, prevailing winds, ocean currents, mountains, nearness to the sea, and altitude.

Everybody knows that there are many factors that affect climate. The most important factors are temperature and rainfall. So on one hand climate is classified by a combination of temperatures and it may be: torrid, temperate or frigid. On the other hand it is classified by the rainfall and it may be: wet, humid, sub-humid, semi-arid, and arid.

The world has a number of climate regions: arctic and sub-arctic, temperate, torrid and sub-torrid, equatorial and subequatorial.

Climate depends on latitude: the sun’s rays are more intense in the tropics and near the equator and much less intense near the Poles. That is why tropical areas are warmer than regions nearer to the Poles.

Altitude has also an important effect on climate. Temperatures fall by about 6 degrees Celsius (6C⁰) for every 1000 meter of altitude. So, mountains in the tropics can have much cooler climates than surrounding lowlands.

Nearness to the ocean also affects climate, having a generally moderating influence on coastal areas. This is because although ocean water takes longer to heat up than dry land, the ocean retains heat for much longer. Most extreme climates, with very hot summers and very cold winters are found in the hearts of the continents.

Exercise 5. Put the words of the following sentences in the right word order:

1. factors/important/are/most/rainfall/the/and/temperature.

2. a/of/world/climate/number/regions/has/the.

3. extreme/are/hearts/continents/most/in/of/the/climates/the.

4. classified/climate/combination/a/temperatures/by/of/is.

5. takes/to/ocean/up/water/longer/heat.

6. that/many/affect/are/climate/there/factors.

Exercise 6. Match the beginning of each sentence with its end:

1. Climate is the weather at... a. they use averages totals and extremes.

2. When people speak about climate... b. cooler climate than surrounding lowlands.

3. Tropical areas are warmer... c. a given place over a period of time.

4. In the tropics mountains often have... d. wet, humid, sub-humid, semi-arid, arid.

5. Nearness to the sea has a... e. than regions nearer to the Poles.

6. According to rainfall classification f. moderating influence on costal climates.

climate may be: …

Exercise 7. Copy the following text “Climatic Data” separating it into words and sentences and then read it and translate into Russian:

Climaticdataareimportantinagricultureandindustryfarmersneedtoknowthelengthofgrowingseasonsextremesoftemperatureaverageandminimumrainfallforsuccessfulgrowingofcropsthesaleofairconditionerssportsclothesandwinterweardependsonseasonaltemperatureandrainfallmanypersonaldecisionsinvolvingpaintinggardeningsportstripsandvacationscanbebettermadeifclimaticdataaretakenintoaccountthenationalweatherservicefurnishessuchinformation.

Exercise 8. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:

1. disaster a. an overflow of water over a normally dry area

2. drought b. a very strong, often destructive wind or storm

3. dike c. continuous curve formed by a wind about a central axis

4. flood d. occurrence that causes great distress and destruction

5. hurricane e. prolonged shortage of rainfall

6. spiral f. a wall built to prevent flooding

Exercise 9. Discuss vocabulary of the previous exercise using the following models:

Model 1:

A. – Jack, tell me please what does the word hurricane mean?

1. – As far as I know, it means a very strong, often destructive wind or storm.

1. – Oh, yes. It’s a destructive wind. Thank you.

B. – You are welcome. Ask any time you need.

Model 2:

1. – Jack, tell me please what does the word flood [flu:d]mean?
2. – Sorry will you repeat it again? Which word? How do you spell it?

1. – F-l-o-o-d.
2. – Ah, you should pronounce it [flлd] correctly.

A. – Oh, sorry. Flood [flлd].

B. – It means an overflow of water over a normally dry area.

A. – I’m very much obliged to you, Jack.

B. – No, problem. I am very glad to help you.

Exercise 10. Listen to the text “Natural Disasters” twice and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions:

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