Transition expressions.

both (noun) and (noun),

Function: to indicate that two items are included in the information

Use: both (noun) and (noun) is a noun phrase. When it is the subject of a sentence, the verb that follows is plural.

Example: Both mathematics and biology are required subjects for graduation.

not only…but also..

Function: to emphasize that two items are included in the information

Use: not only…but also... is sometimes a noun phrase. When the noun phrase is the subject of a sentence, the second noun determines whether verb is singular or plural.

Example: Not only the electricians but also the carpenters are working overtime.

not only(noun) but also(noun) can also join two verbs

Example: He not only wanted but also needed her affection. (two verbs)

nevertheless

Function: to indicate that a certain fact will not prevent a second fact from happening

Use: nevertheless is a conjunction that usually occurs at the beginning of a sentence

Example: The instructor told the students to write exactly five paragraphs in the last essay. Nevertheless some students wrote essays with only four paragraphs.

Punctuation note: When nevertheless occurs at the beginning of a sentence, it is followed by a comma.

on one hand…on the other hand

Function: to indicate two contrasting ideas

Use: On one hand and the other hand are two phrases that are best used together.

Example: I’m trying to decide whether to buy a new car. On one hand, I really need a new car. On the other hand, I could save a lot of money by taking the bus or riding my bike for the rest of the summer.

Punctuation note: Notice that both on one hand and on the other hand are followed by commas. on one hand…on the other hand,

in contrast, whereas

Function: to indicate contrast between two items

Use: In contrast isan adverbial phrase that usually occurs at the beginning of a sentence. Whereas is a conjunction that occurs at the beginning of a clause.

Example: Traditional banks have very high overhead expenses. In contrast, internet banks do not have the usual kinds of overhead expenses to worry about.

The weather in the summer months is hot and humid, whereas the weather in fall is cool and dry.

Punctuation note: In contrast is followed by a comma. Whereas connects two clauses and is always preceded by a comma.

unlike+noun,

Function: to indicate contrast between two nouns.

Use: unlike is a preposition and is always followed by a noun or pronoun.

Example: Unlike his father, Elias did not pursue a job in banking.

like+noun,

Function: to indicate the similarity between two nouns.

Use: like is a preposition and is always followed by a noun or pronoun.

Example: Like his father, Elias chose to pursue a job in banking.

conversely, (наоборот)

Function: to discuss the opposite situation

Use: Conversely is a conjunction that usually occurs at the beginning of a clause.

Example: The trim on this house is white against grey. Conversely, the trim on the next house is grey against white.

although, even though, though

Function: to indicate that a certain fact has little effect on a second fact.

Use: although, even though, though are subordinating conjunctions. They may be used interchangeably.

Example: Although (even though, though) women were important in the development of many kinds of early medicine, they were rarely given credit.

Grammar Focus: Making comparisons with more, most; -er, -est; as…as, the same…as

In comparison/contrast writing you need to know how to correctly construct a comparison of two (or more) items. Here are a few guidelines for forming comparison structures in English.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14