Pidgin English and Creole English

Ø 1) Translate the first passage of the text into Russian.

Just as English itself has borrowed words from many different languages over its history, English loanwords now appear in many languages around the world. Several pidgins (simplified languages that develop as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade) and Creole languages (stable languages that originate as a pidgin) have been formed on an English base, such as Jamaican Patois, Nigerian Pidgin, and Tok Pisin. Let’s have a look at the emergence of black Creole English.

During the early years of American settlement, a highly distinctive form of English was beginning to develop in the islands of the West Indies and the Southern part of the mainland, spoken by the incoming black population. The beginning of the 17^th century saw the emergence of the slave trade. Ships from Europe travelled to the West African coast, where they exchanged cheap goods for black slaves. The slaves were shipped in barbarous conditions to the Caribbean islands and the American coast, where they were in turn exchanged for such commodities as sugar, rum, and molasses. The ships then returned to England, completing an “Atlantic triangle” of journeys, and the process began again. Britain and the United States had outlawed the slave trade by 1865, but by that time, nearly 200 years of trading had taken place. By the middle of the 19^th century, there were over four million black slaves in America.

The policy of the slave-traders was to bring people of different language backgrounds together in the ships, to make it difficult for groups to plot rebellion. The result was the growth of several pidgin forms of communication, and in particular a pidgin between the slaves and the sailors, many of whom spoke English.

Once arrived in the Caribbean, this pidgin English continued to act as a major means of communication between the black population and the new landowners, and among the slaves themselves. Then, when children were born, the pidgin became their mother tongue, thus producing the first black Creole speech in the region. This Creole English rapidly came to be used throughout the cotton plantations, and in the coastal towns and islands. Similarly, creolized forms of French, Spanish, and Portuguese emerged in and around the Caribbean.

Ø 2) Answer the questions:

a) When did the slave trade begin?

b) When was the slave trade forbidden in the USA?

c) Why did the pidgins develop?

d) How did the pidgins turn into Creole languages?

Ø 3) Match these synonyms to the words in italics in the text: fast, products, to appear, history, cruel, to plan.

Ø 4) Make a summary of the text.

1.7 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN
AND BRITISH ENGLISH

Ø 1) Use the examples from the text and disagree with / prove the statement: “American English and British English are mutually incomprehensible.”

Which variety of English do you use: American English (AmE) or British English (BrE)? Whatever your choice is, the most important rule is to be consistent in your usage. For example in the sentence “The color of the orange is also its flavour,” “color” is American spelling and “flavour” is British. The following guide points out the principal differences between these two varieties of English.

Present Perfect and Past Simple. In BrE the Present Perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example, “I’ve lost my key. Can you help me look for it?” In AmE the following is also possible: “I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?” In BrE this would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard AmE.

Other differences include the use of “already,” “just,” and “yet.” In BrE people say “I’ve just had lunch. I’ve already seen that film. Have you finished your homework yet?” In AmE these sentences can be equally used with these ones: “I just had lunch. I already saw that film. Did you finish your homework yet?”

“Have” and “Have got.” There are two forms to express possession in English, and both of them are correct. However, “have got” is generally the preferred form in BrE (Have you got a car? He hasn’t got any friends.), while most speakers of AmE employ the form “have” (Do you have a car? He doesn’t have any friends.)

Prepositions. There are also a few differences in the use of prepositions (the first preposition is BrE, the second is AmE): “at / on the weekend,” “in / on a team,” “write to me soon / write me soon.”

One Vocabulary – Different Meanings. Probably the major differences between AmE and BrE are in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties, for example:

BrE	Word	AmE
person of Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi origin	Asian	person of Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Philippine origin
amount to pay for a service	bill	a piece of paper currency
person from the Caucus republics: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan	Caucasian	white person
person from the Indian sub-continent	Indian	indigenous American
pleasant	homely	ugly
worn under trousers	pants	worn over underwear
soon	presently	now
fee-paying school	public school	state school
well dressed	smart	clever
drink served hot with milk	tea	drink served cold with lemon

Spelling. American spelling is often simplified, as can be seen from the examples in which the first word is BrE and the second is AmE: colour / color, favourite / favorite, theatre / theater, realise / realize, dialogue / dialog, traveller / traveler, cheque / check, jewellery / jewelry, tyre / tire, and more.

One Meaning – Different Vocabulary. Many words are also used in one form and not in the other. Here are some examples:

BrE	AmE		BrE	AmE
aubergine	eggplant		bureau de change	currency exchange
biscuit	cookie		solicitor	lawyer, attorney
sweets	candy		policeman, bobby	cop
Black or white? (coffee)	With or without?		postman	postal worker / mailman / mail carrier
car park	parking lot		cashier	teller
lorry	truck		Macintosh, Mac	raincoat
petrol station	gas station		Wellington boots	galoshes
block of flats	apartment building		trainers	sneakers
chemist	drugstore		swimming costume	bathing suit

Past Simple / Past Participle Verb Forms. Some English verbs have two acceptable forms of the Past Simple / Past Participle. In BrE, however, the irregular form is generally more common: “burnt, dreamt, leant, learnt, smelt, spelt, spilt, spoilt.” The regular verb form is more common to AmE: “burned, dreamed, leaned, learned, smelled, spelled, spilled, spoiled.”

“Get.” The Past Participle of the verb “get” is “gotten” in AmE, for example “He’s gotten much better at playing tennis.” In BrE the Past Participle would be “got” as in the example “He’s got much better at playing tennis.”

As you can see, there are really very few differences between standard BrE and standard AmE, the largest difference being probably the choice of vocabulary.

Ø 2) Find more examples of the differences between American and British English.

1.8 RUSSIAN- ENGLISH “FALSE FRIENDS”

Ø 1) What does the title of the article mean?

(1) “False friends” are pairs of words in two languages (e.g. Russian and English) or two dialects of the same language (e.g. British and American English) that look and/or sound similar, but differ in meaning. “False friends” can cause difficulty for students learning foreign languages because students can misidentify the words due to their linguistic similarities. The following words represent only a partial sampling of English and Russian “false friends”:

Russian word	English translation		English false friend	English meaning
ангина	tonsillitis		angina	severe chest pain
фабрика	factory		fabric	cloth
стул	chair		stool	footstool
конкурс	competition		concourse	coming together
шеф	boss, leader		chef	expert cook
лунатик	sleep-walker		lunatic	insane
магазин	shop, store		magazine	periodical
гимназия	grammar school		gymnasium	sports hall
кабинет	office, study		cabinet	cupboard

(2) Other Russian-English “false friends” include: “аккуратный” vs. “accurate,” “артист” vs. “artist,” “аудитория” vs. “auditorium,” “декорация” vs. “decoration,” “интеллигентный” vs. “intelligent,” “комплекция” vs. “complexion,” “композитор” vs. “compositor,” “марка” vs. “mark,” “новелла” vs. “novel,” “оператор” vs. “operator,” “проспект” vs. “prospect,” “фамилия” vs. “family,” “физик,” vs. “physique,” and dozens more.

(3) Interestingly, it should be noted that the meaning of the Russian word in many of these “false friend” pairs usually has the same meaning as was ascribed to the original word from which both words were borrowed. Of course, blaming English today for linguistic inconsistency is now useless because these “false friends” will remain false friends and nothing is going to change that.

Ø 2) Give a definition to the word combination “false friends.”

Ø 3) Find English equivalents to the words in commas in the second paragraph.

Ø 4) Make a summary of the article.

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