Problems for discussion

THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS

Key terms: Native words, borrowing, borrowed word, Indo-European languages, Etymology, Three Periods of the English Language

Problems for discussion

1. The origin of English. Native Vocabulary.

2. Foreign borrowings. Ways of borrowings into English. Historical causes of borrowing.

3. The Celtic Element in the English vocabulary.

4. The classical Element in the English vocabulary.

5. The Scandinavian Element in the English vocabulary.

6. The French Element in the English vocabulary.

7. Various other sources of borrowing in English.

a) Types of borrowings.

b) Classification of borrowings according to the aspect which is borrowed.

Recommended Literature

1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие для студентов. - 3-е изд., стереотип. – М.: Дрофа, 2001. – С. 44-71.

2. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Пособие для студентов английских отделений педагогических институтов. - М., Л.: Просвещение, 1966.- С. 305-314.

3. Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С., Князева Г.Ю., Санкин А.А. Лексикология английского языка (на англ. яз.). - М.: Высшая школа, 1966. - С. 209-219.

4. Елисеева В. В. Лексикология английского языка. – СПб: СПбГУ 2003.

5. Квеселевич Д.І., Сасіна В.П. Практикум з лексикології сучасної англійської мови: Навч. посібник. - Вінниця: Видавництво "Нова книга", 2001.-С 6-15.

6. Мостовий М.І. Лексикологія англійської мови: Підруч. для ін-тів і фак. інозем. мов.-X.: Основа, 1993.-С. 151-172.

Additional literature

1. Howard Jackson, Etienne Ze Amvela. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. - London, New York: Continuum, 2001. - P. 21-43.

2. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language/ D. Crystal. -Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. press, 1995. - P. 9, 24-25, 46-49, 60-61, 124-127.

Written Practical Tasks

Exercise 1. Find English words of Indo-European origin cognate to the following German and Ukrainian words.

1. Vater, батько; Mutter, мати; Bruder, брат; Sohn, син; Tochter, дочка; FuB, п'ядь; Nase, ніс; Herz, серце; Kuh, корова; Schwein, свиня; Gans, гуска; Birke, береза; Tag, день; Nacht. ніч; Sonne, сонце; rot, рудий; neu, новий; zwei, два; ich, я; stehen, стояти; sitzen, сидіти.

Exercise 2. a) Give English equivalents of the following German words, b) Translate the words into Ukrainian.

Hand, Arm, Finger, Bar, Fuchs, Kalb. Eiche, Gras, Regen, Frost. Winter. Sommer. See, Land, Haus, Raum, Bank, Boot, Schiff; grun, blau, grau, schmal, heiB, ait. gut; sehen, horen, sprechen, machen, geben, trinken, antworten, sagen.

Exercise 3. a) Using an etymological dictionary, classify the following words of native origin into: I) Indo-European, 2) Germanic, 3) English proper.

always, answer, bear, birch, bird, bone, boy, child, corn, cow, daisy, daughter, cat. fir, fox, girl, glad, good, goose, grey, hand, heart, hundred, know, lady, land, lip, lord. make, man, moon, night, nose, old, three, thousand, tree, red, room, sad, sea, see, spring, star, water, woman.

Exercise 4. Arrange the following borrowings into two groups: 1) old Celtic borrowings; 2) modern Celtic borrowings.

bannock, hard, bin, brock, brogue, budget, career, clan, claymore, crag, down ("hill"), dun. flannel, mackintosh, plaid, shamrock, tunnel, whisky.

Exercise 5. Analyze the words of Greek and Latin origin in the following sentences.

1. Benn specialized in the anatomy and morphology of plants (S. Bellow). 2. "I'm Jeannie's alibi," said the Whiting girl calmly. "We had dinner together that evening" (1:. Queen). 3. She seemed on the edge of hysteria (Id.). 4. "My researches over the past few years have led me to certain theories regarding psychic phenomena which I have now, for the first time, an opportunity of testing" (Sh. Jackson). 5. "See!" he cried triumphantly. "It's a bona-fide piece of printed matter... It's a triumph" (P.S. Fitzgerald). 6. His wrinkled face oozed humanity and sympathy (I. Montagu). 7. It was utter chaos. Sirens were going off all around him (M. Maloney). 8. Instantly, a dramatic and frightening metamorphosis took place, Ahmad's smiling face altered grotesquely (A. Derleth). 9. His father played second violin in the orchestra there (H. Robbins). 10. We were both feeling the euphoria which follows the safe deliverance from danger (D. Francis). 11. The best sort of book to start with is biography. If you want to make a success of it, choose as a subject someone very famous who has had plenty of books written about him quite recently (E. Waugh). 12. Indeed his courtesy was somewhat extravagant. He would write and thank people who wrote to thank him for wedding presents and when he encountered anyone as punctilious as himself the correspondence ended only with death (Id.).

Exercise 6. Analyze the words of Scandinavian origin given in bold type.

1. She had wanted a great many things in her life; she had them all now. Wealth and position, a kind husband, two dear little girls, beauty, youth (K. Norris). 2. Mrs. Hardisty had a roomy house in Laguna Street, with dark front windows...(Id.). 3. Sure she ought to take a vacation and skip to New York, he said (Id.). 4. Fling Lee pattered about without his usual smiles (Id.). 5. The curtains at the high windows were of kid skins laced together (Id.). 6. Avery was down at Catalina at the moment, fishing for big game fish (Id.). 7. There is not a single cloud in the sky (О. Wilde). 8. At last he knew that he was going to die (Id.). 9. She was a Russian Princess, and had driven all the way from Finland in a sledge drawn by six reindeer (Id.). 10. And as he slept he dreamed a dream (Id.).

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