Tips for preparing main points.

1. Keep main points separate. Each main point in a speech should be clearly independent of the other main points.

2. Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points.

3. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points. Because your main points are so important, you want to be sure they all receive enough emphasis to be clear and convincing. This is not to say that all main points must receive exactly equal emphasis, but only that they should be roughly balanced. For example, either of the following would be fine:

I. 30 percent

II. 40 percent

III. 30 percent

I. 20 percent

II. 30 percent

III. 50 percent

Conclusion.

Your closing remarks are your last chance to drive home your ideas. Moreover, your final impression will probably linger in your listener’s minds. Thus you need to craft your conclusion with as much care as your introduction.

No matter, what kind of speech you are giving, the conclusion has two major functions:

· To let the audience know you are ending the speech.

· To reinforce the audience’s understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

Let us look at each.

Signal the end of speech. It may seem obvious that you should let you audience know you are going to stop soon. However, you will almost certainly hear speeches in your class in which the speaker concludes so abruptly that you are taken by surprise. Even in casual conversation you expect some signal that the talk is coming to an end. You are taken aback when the person you are talking with suddenly walks off without warning. The same is true of speechmaking. Too sudden an ending leaves the audience puzzled and unfulfilled.

How do you let your audience know your speech is ending? One way is through what you say. “In conclusion,” “One last thought,” “In closing,” “My purpose has been,” “Let me end by saying” – these are all brief cues that you are getting ready to stop.

You can also let your audience know the end is in sight by your manner of delivery. The conclusion is the climax of a speech. A speaker who has carefully built to a peak of interest and involvement will not need to say anything like “in conclusion.” By use of the voice, its tone, pacing, intonation, and rhythm – a speaker can build a momentum of a speech so there is no doubt when it is over. Example: p. 243.

Reinforce the central idea. There are many ways to do this. Here are the ones you are most likely to use.

1. Summarise your speech. Restating the main points is the easiest way to end a speech. One student used this technique effectively in her informa­tive speech about color psychology:

As we have seen, color psychology is a fascinating subject that is not yet totally understood by researchers. What I have tried to do, through information from books and articles, is to explain why different colors affect people in certain ways and how this knowledge is being used in advertising, interior decorating, and health care. I hope this will help you understand how seemingly minor things such as the color of our clothes, of our homes, and even of the food we eat can have such an impor­tant impact on our daily lives.

2. End with a quotation. A quotation is one of the most common and effective devices to conclude a speech. When you run across a brief quotation that so perfectly captures your central idea, keep it in mind as a possible conclusion.

3. Make a dramatic statement. Rather than using a quotation to give your conclusion force and vitality, you may want to devise your own dramatic statement. One is Patrick Henry's legendary "Liberty or Death" oration. It takes its name from the final sentences Henry uttered on March 23, 1775, as he exhorted his audience to resist British tyranny:

Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death.

4. Refer to the introduction. An excellent way to give your speech psychological unity is to conclude by referring to ideas in the introduction. This is an easy technique to use, and it may give your speech an extra touch of class.

Actually, all four techniques can be fused into one – for example, a dramatic quotation that summarises the central idea while referring to the introduction.

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