Organization of Aquaculture

In China and some countries of Europe which account for a high proportion of present day aquaculture production of the world, fish culture is done in state farms, communes or through cooperatives. In these countries, aquaculture received special attention because of the role in community welfare that aquaculture plays.

In industrially advanced countries, aquaculture is carried out by private sector, i.e. private individuals and companies. In North America, Japan and West Europe, private companies have become increasingly more prominent in the practice of aquaculture.

In developing countries, aquaculture is mostly practiced by small-scale or subsistence level farmers. In these cases, there is heavy dependence on government support, including technical and financial assistance. In most cases however, the government is not fully responsible in support of aquaculture. The reason appears to be that aquaculture lacks a firm truly fishing (capture fishery). Aquaculture does not qualify itself for governmental support and incentives given to agriculture and animal husbandry.

On the other hand, the restrictive practices intended for animal-waste disposal are at places indiscrimately applied to aquaculture, sometimes branding it as a polluter.

Most governments include aquaculture under fishery sector despite the productive phase of aquaculture being more skin to agriculture (e.g. manuring and fertilizing practices). For reasons already stated earlier, the positive role aquaculture plays in contributing to national wealth, resource utilization and production of protective protein food, aquaculture is on way to occupying a position of its own in many countries. Once the economic viability of aquaculture in respect of scores of species and multiplicity of systems is fully established everywhere, as it is bound to happen in due course of time, aquaculture will lead to “aquaplosion”.

Mariculture

Mariculture is the tem used for the cultivation of marine organisms in seawater, usually in sheltered coasted waters. In particular, the farming of marine fish is an example of mariculture and so also is the farming of marine crustaceans (such as shrimps), mollusks (such as oysters) and seaweed.

Integrated

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice in which the by-products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become input (fertilizer, food) for another. Fed aquaculture (e.g. fish, shrimp) is combined with inorganic extractive (e.g. seaweed) and organic extractive (e.g. shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).

“ Multi- Trophic” refers to the corporation of species from different trophic or nutritional levels in the same system. This is one potential distinction from the age-old practice of aquatic polyculture, which could simply be the co-culture of different fish species from the same trophic level. In this case, these organisms may all share the same biological and chemical processes, with few synergistic benefits, which could potentially lead to significant shifts in the ecosystem. Some traditional polyculture systems may, in fact, incorporate a great diversity of species, occupying several niches, as extensive cultures (low intensity, low management) within the same pond. The ”Integrated” in IMTA refers to the more intensive cultivation of the different species in approximity of each other, connected by nutrient and energy transfer through water.

Ideally, the biological and chemical processes in an IMTA system should balance. This is achieved through the appropriate selection and proportions of different species providing different ecosystem functions. The co-culture species are typically more than just biofilters; they are harvestable crops of commercial value. A working IMTA system can result in greater total production based on mutual benefits to the co-cultural species and improved ecosystem health, even if the production of individual species is lower than in a monoculture over a short term period.

Sometimes the term “Integrated Aquaculture” is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. For all intents and purposes however, the terms “ IMTA ” and “ integrated aquaculture ” differ only in their degree of descriptiveness. Aquaponics, fractionated aquaculture, IAAS (integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems), IPUAS (integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems) and IFAS (integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems) are other variations of the IMTA concept.

Part 3

СИТУАТИВНІ МАТЕРІАЛИ ІЗ АКАДЕМІЧНОГО ТА ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА СТУДЕНТІВ

Тема 1. Exercise 1. Read and translate the following text:

About Myself

First of all let me introduce myself. My first name is Victor. My second (patronymic) name is Stephanovych. My family name (surname) is Mykolayiv. I am seventeen. I was born on the 9-th of May, 1981, in Rivne. I am Ukrainian.

My family is not large. There are five of us: my father, mother, brother, sister and me. My father’s full name is Stephan Ivanovych Mykolayiv. He is 45years old. He is a doctor. He works at a hospital. My mother’s full name is Lyudmyla Volodymyrivna Mykolayeva. She is 44 years old, but she looks younger. My mother is an economist. She works at a large company. My parents like their jobs very much. They spend a lot of time at work. I would like to spend more time with them, but they are always busy. My elder brother is 6 years older than me. He is 23. He is a designer by profession. He is married. His wife is a school teacher. They have got a son. He is only 2 years old. My sister is only ten. She is a schoolgirl. My sister and I do a lot of things about the house. We clean the rooms, do shopping. It is not difficult for us. So when my parents have a little free time, we can have fun together. I think our family is friendly and united. We like to go sightseeing visiting other towns and rest in the country, where we can fish and swim in the river. Now I am a student of the 1-st course of Ecological faculty. This year I finished secondary school and entered the National University. I did well at school and I hope I will manage with my study at the University. I want to be a good student and a qualified specialist in future.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is your name?

2. What is your second name?

3. How old are you?

4. Is your family large?

5. Is your brother single or married?

6. Your mother works at a large company, doesn’t she?

7. What does your sister do?

8. What University did you enter this year?

9. You are a student of Ecological faculty, aren’t you?

10. Will you be a good student or specialist?

Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences:

1. Let me ….

2. My second name is….

3. I was born ….

4. My family is ….

5. My father is ….

6. My sister is a ….

7. I am a student ….

8. We like to go ….

9. I did well ….

10. I want to be …...

Exercise 4. Speak on the topic “About myself”, using the sentences from ex. 2 and 3

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text:

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