Market economy

Филиал РГГУ в Н. Новгород

Семестр Третий 2011-2012 учебного года

Контрольная работа №3

по английскому языку для студентов 2-го курса (Третий семестр)

дневного отделения специальностей «Экономика» и «Менеджмент»

ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ. Технические требования к оформлению контрольной работы.

1) Исходный текст контрольной работы обязательно повторяется в вашей рукописи. Копия рукописи работы сохраняется у вас. На будущем экзамене вы обязаны иметь все копии всех выполненных вами работ.

Ваш вариант выполнения задания вы печатаете после текста исходного задания. При выполнении задания (особенно Заданий 1 и 8) можно тексты расположить в столбцах – английский текст в левом столбце, а русский перевод в правом. Русский абзац расположен против английского абзаца. Так легче усваивается материал.

2) Рукопись печатать (по возможности) на компьютере только на одной стороне листа. Шрифт –New Times Roman, высота букв 12 пунктов, межстрочный интервал – ординарный, левое поле –3см, правое поле – 1,5 см, верхнее и нижнее поля – 2 см. Страницы нумеровать справа сверху, но не сшивать.

3) Сложной лексики и грамматики в контрольных работах нарастает по мере прохождения программы по английскому языку в вашей группе.

4) Работу нужно выполнять самостоятельно. Нужно быть готовыми защитить свою работу на ближайшем зачете и будущем экзамене.

ЗАДАНИЕ 1.Перевести редуцированный текст ECONOMIC SYSTEMS на русский письменно, используя прилагаемый словарь.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

There are а number оf ways in which а government can organize its economy.

An economic system is simply the way in which а country uses its available resources (land, workers, natural resources, machinery, etc.) to satisfy the demands of its people for goods and services. The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher the standard оf living enjoyed by the country' s citizens.

There are three main economic systems: planned (command) economy, market economy and mixed economy.

MARKET ECONOMY

The best examples of this type of economy are found in small South-East Asian states like Hong Kong and Singapore, though even they аrе not рurе examples of market economies. Even they contain some businesses owned and run by the state.

In а true market economy the government plays nо role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership оf the means of production and private supplies of capital. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. The workers s pend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.

Thus, we can see that in а market economy it is consumers who decide what must be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and so try to produce the new fashionable and favoured products.

Such аn economic system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners are employed. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible. In а free market individual people are free to pursue their own interests. They can become millionaires, for example. Suppose you invent а new kind of car. You want to make money out of it in your own interests. But when уоu have produced that car, you are in fact moving the production possibility frontier outwards. You actually make the society better-off by creating new jobs and opportunitiеs, even though you become а millionaire in the process, and you do it without any government help or intervention.

Not surprisingly there are also problems. Some goods would be underpurchased if the governinent did not provide free or subsidized supplies. Examples of this type of good and service are health and education. There are other goods and services, such as defence and policing, that are impossible to supply individually in response to consumer spending. Once defence or а police force is supplied to а country then everyone in this country benefits.

А cornerstone of the market system is that production alters swiftly to meet changing demands. These swift changes can, however, have serious consequences. Imagine а firm, which switches from labour-intensive production to one where new technology is employed in the factory. The resulting unemployment could lead to social as well as economic problems.

In а market economy there might be minimal control on working conditions and safety standards concerning products and services. And it means that it is necessary to have large-scale government

intention to pass laws to protect consumers and workers.

Some firms produce goods and then advertise heavily to gain sufficient sales.

Besides wasting resources on advertising, firms may also duplicate one another's services. Rival firms, providing rail services, for example, could mean that two or more systems of rail are laid.

Finally, firms have to have confidence in future sales if they are going to produce new goods and services. At certain times they tend to lack confidence and cut back on production and the development of new ideas. This decision, when taken by many firms, can lead to а recession. А recession means less spending, fewer jobs and а decline in the prosperity of the nation.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14