Ex.1. What is missing? Check your answers with the text above.

The Dollar

The dollar is the _______ __________ of United States money. It is ________ 100 cents. Its _________ is $.

The dollar ________ ________ in the USA in 1792. The first US dollars were issued ________ silver and gold. After 1934, however, all gold coins were taken _______ _______ circulation. A silver dollar was issued ______ _____ times from 1794 until 1935.

The dollar ________ _______ in Canada in 1878.Australia __________ the dollar in 1966, and New Zealand in 1967.

The dollar is ______ one hundred cents.

The Pound

The basic __________ of money of the United Kingdom is the pound, also called _________ ________ _______. The British adopted the __________ system in 1971. Before that date the pound was __________ into 20 shillings. The guinea was _________ _______ one pound one shilling. It was a gold coin used in ________ prices _________ valuable __________.

Ex.2. How well do you remember information?

The dollar is the main ________ ________ of the United States, but not of the USA alone. It is also the main currency unit of:

· _____________,

· _____________,

· _____________,

· _____________,

· _____________,

· ____________ and some other countries.

Monetary [‘mʌnit(ə)ri] adj 1) денежный, монетный, монетарный

2) валютный

Ex.3. Work in groups of two to three.

Congratulations! Each of you has got a summer job as a guide at the Monetary Museum. You certainly want to prepare very well. Ask and answer questions about the dollar and the pound. Feel free to use the following ideas:

1. What is the basic unit of money in the USA?

2. How much is the dollar worth?

3. What is the dollar’s symbol?

4. Where does the dollar circulate?

5. When was the dollar adopted in the United States?

6. Were the first dollars issued in copper?

7. Do gold coins circulate now?

8. When was the dollar adopted in Canada?

9. When did Australia and New Zealand adopt the dollar?

10. What is the basic unit of money in/of the UK?

11. When was the decimal system adopted in Great Britain?

12. How many shillings were there in the pound before 1791?

13. Was the guinea equal to one pound sterling?

14. What was the crown equal to?

15. Were there any copper coins in circulation?

16. What is the symbol of the British pound sterling?

Ex.4. And, finally, think of the following:

1. How important is a summer job to you?

2. Would you rather not take a summer job?

3. What would you rather do?

4. What would you do with your salary?

5. Would you buy your granny (grandmother) all the necessary medicines?

6. Would you buy yourself books in English? Books on English grammar, perhaps?

7. Would you buy new clothes?

8. Would you put the money aside for a rainy day?

9. Would you give it to your parents?

10. Is it an advantage or a shame to work in summer instead of lying in the sun and doing nothing?

Reading and discussion.

HENRY FORD

How did people get from place in the good old days?

One mounted a horse and galloped off. Of course, there were carriages: lots of carriages driven by horses.

A carriage not driven by a horse? A horseless carriage? Nonsense! How on earth could it be possible?

In the good old days there were no cars. Not even in the USA. Can you imagine North America without a stream of cars? This had to be changed.

First cars were outrageously expensive. Only expensive cars were produced at the turn of the century.

This had to be changed too. So, Henry Ford rolled up his sleeves and set to work. He was a very talented and determined young man. And in 1896 the streets of Detroit saw Ford’s first car. This was the first of many millions of cars which were later produced by the Ford Motor Company.

Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863. His father was a prosperous farmer. His mother died when Henry was 12. The boy helped on the farm in summer. In winter he attended school. It was a one – room district school. Henry was good at his studies, but he was not a brilliant pupil.

Henry did not like farm work. He was fascinated by watches and clocks. They attracted Henry, for they were complicated mechanisms. In fact, theywere the most complicated mechanisms to be found on a farm at the time. Henry taught himself to repair them and went around the countryside doing repair work. He did it free of charge, for otherwise he would not have the chance of tinkering with mechanisms.

In 1880 Henry walked all the way to Detroit. At the time he was only 16. He had a burning desire to learn everything about mechanisms and machinery.

Henry Ford went into the motor – car business in 1899. In 1903 he founded the ford Motor Company. The company produced expensive cars, as other car manufacturers.

Soon Ford’s companies, unlike their competitors, produced all the automobile parts. Henry Ford had come to own forests and factories, coal and iron mines.

Henry Ford’s main idea was mass production of a good, simple, affordable car. Soon blueprints for the Model T were ready.

Henry Ford found ways of replacing men with machines wherever possible. Each man was given only one particular task, such as tightening automobile part. Conveyer belts brought parts to the worker. Thus the assembly time of an automobile was substantially reduced. Accordingly, the company’s production costs fell. Henry Ford was now able to reduce the price of the Model T car. In 1913 it dropped to $550. It dropped to $440 in 1915, and $290 in 1924. Now the automobile was within reach of the average family.

The Model T changed little from year to year. Until 1926 only black cars were produced. A new design, the Model A, was introduced in 1927, after more than 15 million Model Ts had been sold.

By 1926 the assets of the Ford Motor Company were valued at $1,000,000,000. The stock was entirely held by Henry Ford himself and his son.

Henry Ford built an industrial empire. But wealth was not his goal. He gave away much of it in charity.

In his early youth Ford had experimented with building a steam tractor on his father’s farm. Later, in 1915 he turned his attention to the farm tractor again. The Fordson tractor was of great use in Britain. In the First World War it helped to overcome the food shortage caused by the German submarine campaign.

Henry Ford built a hospital in Detroit. It had the highest standard of comfort and equipment.

Henry Ford died on April 7, 1947, at the age of 83. Most of his personal estate was left to the Ford Foundation, one of the largest public trusts.

Henry Ford was not only an automotive pioneer. He was also a businessman and an industrialist and most importantly he was charitable.

VOCABULARY

afford [ə’fാ:d] быть в состоянии себе позволить

affordable [ə’fാdəbl] возможный, допустимый

assembly [ə’sembli] сборка частей механизма

assembly line сборочный конвейер

asset [‘æset] активы

automotive [,ാ:tə’məʊtiv] автомобильный

average [‘ævəridʒ]средний

campaign [kæm’pein] кампания

carriage [‘kæridʒ] коляска, экипаж

charity [‘tʃæriti] благотворительность

charitable [‘tʃæritəbl] милосердный, щедрый

conveyer [kən’veiə] транспортер, конвейер

также conveyer belt

determined [di’tз:mind]твердый, решительный, волевой

entirely [in’taiəli] полностью

estate [is’teit] имущество

personal estate движимость

real estate недвижимость

equipment [i’kwipmənt] оборудование

fascinate [‘fæsineit] зачаровывать

fascinated [‘fæsineitid] зачарованный

foundation [faʊn’deiʃən] 1) основа, основание, фундамент

2) фонд, пожертвованный на культурные

Начинания

gallop [‘gæləp] галоп

gallop скакать галопом

goal [gəʊl] цель

industrialist [in’dʌstriəlist] промышленник

machinery [mə’ʃinəri] машины; механизм

manufacturer [,mænju’fæktʃərə] промышленник; производитель

mechanism [‘mekənizəm] механизм

mount [maʊnt] 1) подниматься, взбираться

2) садиться (на лошадь, велосипед и т.д)

to mount a horse садиться на лошадь

own [əʊn] иметь, владеть

pioneer [,paiə’niə] пионер, первый исследователь

production [prə’dʌkʃən] производство

production costs, costs издержки производства

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