Dr. L. Jennings

HCCS

Introduction to Psychology

PSYC 2301

Dinara Madiyeva

30 September 2014

Assignment - Consciousness

1) Define consciousness

Everything of which we are aware at any given time-our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions of the external environment.

2) Define pre-conscious

The preconscious mind is a part of the mind that corresponds to ordinary memory. These memories are not conscious, but we can retrieve them to conscious awareness at any time.

3) Define unconscious

The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness.

4) Talk about the dynamic between the circadian rhythm, the pineal gland and cortisol.

5) List all of the Stages of Sleep and what happens in each stage.

1. Transition from waking to sleeping; irregular waves with occasional alpha waves.

2. Transition from light and deeper sleep; sleep spindles appear.

3. Deeper sleep; slow-wave sleep begins when EEG shows 20% of brain waves are delta waves.

4. Deepest sleep; begins when 50% of waves are delta waves.

6) List and define the sleep disorders, along with their treatments.

1. Somnambulism – sleep walking; occurs during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep. Treats by investigating hidden illness and/or psychological factors in the patient`s life life that may be causing her sleep disturbances.

2. Sleep terrors – frightening dreams that occur during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep; sleeper springs up in a state of panic, usually shortly after falling asleep. Treats by investigating hidden illness and/or psychological factors in the patient`s life life that may be causing her sleep disturbances.

3. Nightmares – frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep; likely to be remembered in vivid detail. Treats by investigating hidden illness and/or psychological factors in the patient`s life life that may be causing her sleep disturbances.

4. Somniloquy – sleeptalking; can occur during any sleep stage. Treats by investigating hidden illness and/or psychological factors in the patient`s life life that may be causing her sleep disturbances.

5. Narcolepsy – excessive daytime sleepiness; uncontrollable attacs of REM sleep; incurable. There is no cure for narcolepsy, stimulant medications improve daytime alertness in most patients.

6. Sleep apnea – periods during sleep when breathing stops; individual must awaken briefly in order to breathe. Treats by surgically modifying the upper airway, may be treated with medications.

7. Insomnia – difficulty falling or staying asleep, waking too early, and/or sleep that is light, restless, or of poor quality. May be treated with drugs, but, in most cases, physicians encourage patients to adopt sleep hygiene practices to obtain long-term relief.

7) According to recent research, what are the effects of sleep deprivation?

This study indicates that the cognitive functions used in such learning are significantly impaired by sleep deprivation. It also shows that there are compensatory mechanisms in the parietal lobes that can reduce this impairment to some degree.

8) What are dreams, according to psychodynamic theory?

Dreams function to satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires.

9) According to Freud, what are Symbolic Content and Manifest Content?

Manifest content of a dream – the content of the dream as recalled by the dreamer – and the latent content – or the underlying meaning of the dream – which he considered more significant.

10) What is day residue?

dreams that are related to the previous day's events. Some people believe that “day residue” interferes with the transmission of intuitive or psi phenomena.

11) Define Circadian Rhythm.

Within each 24-hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors.

12) Define Hypnosis. Contrast hypnosis to meditation.

A procedure through which one person, the hypnotist, uses the power of suggestion to induce changes in thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, or behavior in another person, the subject. The same goal could be achieved by meditation, but here subject can induce changes in thoughts, feelings, etc. by himself.

13) What do Psychoactive drugs do?

They alter the mood, perception, or thought.

14) List the different classes of psychoactive drugs along with how they impact the brain. Name several examples of drugs in each category.

1. Stimulants (caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine) – speed activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and can make a person feel more awake, alert, and energetic.

2. Depressants (alcohol, barbiturates, minor tranquilizers, narcotics) – decrease activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation.

3. Hallucinogens (marijuana, LSD, designer drugs) – can alert and ditort perceptions of the time and space, alter mood, and produce feelings of unreality.

15) Define Physical tolerance

A condition in which the user becomes progressively less affected by the drug and must take increasingly larger doses to maintain the same effect or high.

16) Define Withdrawal

The physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a regularity used drug is discontinued and that terminate when the drug is taken again.

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