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Philosophy exam
Define the difference between philosophy and common sence
Philosophy does not have a lot to do with common sense!
Common sense:
a form of evidence that is based on conventional wisdom and tradition,
Sound judgement not based on specialized knowledge
Native good judgement
The unreflective opinions of ordinary people
Common sense: „Everything that can be seen or touched or smelled; everything that can be sensually perceived”
Philosophy: „Is it really so? On what premisses do we assume that what I see is what really exists?”
Common sense: conservative, lazy, popular
Philosophy: inquiring, critical, ironic, revolutionary
Common sense
People cannot be trusted
There is no justice
I know what I see
Philosophy
What people? What is trust?
What is justice? How do we apply justice
My knowledge is based on my reasoning
2. Define the difference between philosophy and humanities/science
The basic and most fundamental difference between philosophy and sciences is the subject of their research: while the subject of sciences as well as humanities is limited and restricted, the subject of philosophy goes far beyond their main fields and frames of reference.
Thus philosophy is much more UNIVERSAL: the subject of sciences cannot be discussed
For example: a physicist does not question the idea of causation, physicist simply use this idea for the explanation of physical phenomena; a philosopher may or may not trust this notion and may event rebut a such a presumption.
the method of the sciences and humanities is experimental (empirical)
the method of philosophy is neither simply experimental nor simply deductive. Philosophy questions our way of perceiving the world, it questions the sources of human knowledge and questions the veracity of human experience.
Define the difference between philosophy and ideology
Philosophy is not ideology!
Ideology:
a set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political, economic, or other system
the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture.
Ideology may refer to Philosophy but it never simply reflects or copy a given philosophical system, for the simple reason that philosophers (with a few exceptions) never give us simple, ready-made recipes for life and action.
Ideology needs simplicity and reduction: it is usually based on a few essential statements: a complicated and sophisticated ideology would be useless.
4. What are the three general branches of phylosophy/what are the basic philosophycal questions?
Theoretical
Ontology
Epistemology
Pratical
Axiology
Ethics
Aesthetics
Political Philosophy
Ontology
philosophical inquiry into the nature of being itself, a branch of metaphysics
Branch of metaphysics concerned with identifying, in the most general terms, the kinds of things that actually exist Thus, the "ontological commitments" of a philosophical position include both its explicit assertions and its implicit presuppositions about the existence of entities, substances or beings of particular kinds.
What is nature of the world?
What exists?
Epistemology
Branch of philosophy that investigates the possibility, origins, nature, and extent of human knowledge
What are the sources of human knowlege?
What is the defintion of truth?
How can I be certain?
Axiology
axiology -Branch of philosophy that studies judgments about value, including those of both aesthetics and ethics Thinking about value at this general level commonly emphasizes the diversity and incommensurability of the many sorts of things which have value for us.
Axiology – what is a value? What is the nature of values?
Ethics - Branch of philosophy concerned with the evaluation of human conduct.
5. Explain the meaning and significanse of “the arche question”
Ionian school
In fact the scientific investigations of the Ionian School can be reduced to just one question and the question is: “what is the general principle of nature?”
The first philosphers may be also reffered to as the first.physicists.
What is the general nature of everything?
= the arche question
The first principle of everything
The general prcinicple of everything
“Water constituted ('stood under') the principle of all things.„ –
the first philosophical sentence
Anaximenes: the principle of everything is the air
Anaximander: the principle of everything is Apeiron
(endless, unlimited mass known also as infinity)
Empedocle: the constitution of the nature could be explained by four elements
All matter is one
There is a general principle or principles of the nature which explains its origins, changes and motion
Matter is eternal
there is a form of life in all meatrial objects (the objects move because the motion is an inseparable and inherent component of objects) – this view is reffered to as hylozoism
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