Interaction of Dictionary and Contextually Imposed Meanings.

Metaphor The most frequently used, well known and elaborated among lexical stylistic devices is a metaphor – transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects, as in the “pancake”, “ball” for the “sky” or “silver dust”, “sequins” for “stars”. So there exists a similarity based on one or more common semantic component. Metaphor, as all other lexical stylistic devices, is fresh, original, genuine when first used, and trite, hackneyed, stale when often repeated. In the latter case it gradually loses its expressiveness.Metaphor can be expressed by all notional parts of speech. Metaphorfunctions in the sentence as any of its members.When the speaker (writer) in his desire to present an elaborated image does not limit its creation to a single metaphor but offers a group of them, this cluster is called sustained (prolonged) metaphor.Examples:

• A heart of stone
• Reality is an enemy
• He has the heart of a lion
• You are the sun in my sky
• Ideas are water
• You are the light in my life
• I'm dead tired
• You had better pull your socks up
• Drowning in the sea
• Words are false idols
• Jumping for joy
• Apple of my eye
• It is raining cats and dogs
• Information travels faster in this modern age as our days start crawling away
• Life has a tendency to come back and bite you in the ass
• Fear is a beast that feeds on attention
• A riverboat shall be my horse

Metonymy Another lexical stylistic device – metonymy is created by a differentsemantic process. It is based on contiguity (nearness) of objects.Transference of names in metonymy does not involve a necessity for two different words to have a common component in their semantic structures as in the case with metaphor but proceeds from the fact that two objects (phenomena) have common grounds of existence in reality. Such words as “cup” and “tea” have no semantic nearness, but the first one may serve the container of the second, hence – the conversational cliche “Will you have another cup?”. Metonymy as all other lexical stylistic devices loses its originality due to long use. One type of metonymy – namely the one, which is based on the relations between the part and the whole – is often viewed independently as synecdoche. As a rule, metonymy is expressed by nouns (less frequently – bysubstantivized numerals) and is used in syntactical functions characteristic of nouns (subject, object, predicative).Metonymy in poems:

· 'He is a man of cloth', which means he belongs to a religious order.

· 'He writes with a fine hand', means he has a good handwriting.

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