Examination card №13

Theoretical question

Current Assets – type and definition

Definition: A current asset is an item on an entity's balance sheet that is either cash, a cash equivalent, or which can be converted into cash within one year.

Examples of current assets are:

Cash

Investments

Prepaid expenses

Accounts receivable

Inventory

Creditors are interested in the proportion of current assets to current liabilities, since it indicates the short-term liquidity of an entity. In essence, having substantially more current assets than liabilities indicates that a business should be able to meet its short-term obligations. This type of liquidity-related analysis can involve the use of several ratios, include the following:

Cash ratio

Current ratio

Quick ratio

The main problem with relying upon current assets as a measure of liquidity is that some of the accounts within this classification are not so liquid. In particular, it may be difficult to readily convert inventory into cash. Similarly, there may be some extremely overdue invoices within the accounts receivable number, though there should be an offsetting amount in the allowance for doubtful accounts to represent the amount that is not expected to be collected.

Current assets are also known as current accounts.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. This line item doesn't necessarily refer to actual bills sitting in a cash register or vault.

Short-Term Investments. This represents money invested in bonds or other securities that have less than one year to maturity and earn a higher rate of return than cash.

Accounts Receivable. Think of receivables as bills that a company sends its customers for goods or services it has provided but for which the customer has not yet paid but is expected to pay within the next year.

Accounts receivable are shown as a net amount of what a company expects to ultimately collect, because some customers are likely not to pay.

Inventories. There are many different types of inventories, including raw materials, partially finished products, and finished products that are waiting to be sold. This line item is especially important to watch in manufacturing and retail firms, which are saddled with large amounts of physical inventory.

Other Current Assets. While there are too many to list here, this category includes any other assets the firm may have that are expected to turn into cash within the next year.

Task 1

Profit sales= 96-10-74-1.3=10.7

Balance sheet=10.7+8.1-1.4=17.4

Cost of sales=74+1.3=75.3

Profit fact sales=10.7/75.3*100%=14.2

Profit plan sales=22.3/75.3*100%=29.6

▲Profit sales=14.2%-29.6%=-15.4%

▲Rs=10.7/75.3-22.3/75.3=-15.4%

Answer: we received less profit, because fact is less than plan

Task 2

а) Произведем расчет по линейному способу. Годовую сумму амортизации определяем по формуле

Норма амортизации может быть установлена следующим образом:

Н_а = 1 / Т · 100

Рассчитаем норму амортизации при сроке полезного использования 10 лет:

Н_а = 1 / 10 · 100 = 10 %.

Амортизация за год составит: А = 500 · 10 / 100 = 50 тыс. руб.

При этом способе сумма амортизации каждый год одинакова, поэтому износ за три года равен И = 50 · 3 = 150тыс. руб.

б) Проведем расчет по способу уменьшаемого остатка. Для определения амортизации используем следующую формулу:

Амортизация за первый год составит А ₁ = 500· 2 · 10 / 100 = 100 тыс. руб.,

за второй год А ₂ = (500 – 100) · 2 · 10 / 100 = 80 тыс. руб.,

за третий год А ₃ = (500 – 100 – 80) · 2 · 10 / 100 = 64 тыс. руб.

Износ за три года рассчитаем как сумму амортизации за три года: И = 64+100+80 = 244 тыс. руб.

в) Произведем расчет по способу суммы лет. Для определения годовой амортизации используем следующую формулу:

Амортизация за первый год составит А ₁ = 500 · 10 / (10 (10 + 1) / 2) = 90.90 тыс. руб.,

за второй год – А ₂ = 500· 9 / (10 (10 + 1) / 2) = 81.82 тыс.руб.,

за третий год – А ₃ = 500 · 8 / (10 (10 + 1) / 2) = 72.73 тыс. руб.

Сложив суммы амортизации за три года получим сумму износа: И = 90.90+81.82+72.73 = 245.45 тыс. руб.

Зная суммы износа, рассчитанные различными способами, можно вычислить остаточную стоимость и коэффициент износа, используя формулу

Коэффициент износа найдем по формуле

Подставив значения, получим:

а) линейный способ:

С_ост = 500 – 150 = 350 тыс. руб.,

К_изн = 150 / 500 · 100 = 30 %;

б) способ уменьшаемого остатка:

С_ост = 500 – 244 = 256 тыс. руб.,

К_изн = 244/ 500 · 100 = 48,8 %;

в) способ суммы лет:

С_ост = 500 – 245.45 = 254.55 тыс. руб.,

К_изн = 245.45/500· 100 = 49,09%.

Таким образом, по результатам решения данной задачи видно, что нелинейные методы позволяют списать большую часть стоимости в первые годы эксплуатации объекта основных средств.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14