Glossary of theTerms

accommodation	the process of adapting the articulation of a vowel to a consonant or a consonant to a vowel
acoustic aspect of sound phenomena	presupposes that sounds exist in the form of sound waves and have the same physical properties (intensity, frequency, duration, spectrum).
allophone	realizations of one and the same phoneme in speech which occur only in a certain position and can not differentiate meanings of words.
allophonic variation	is caused by the phonetic environment (combination) and phonetic position (distribution) of sounds
articulatory aspect of sound phenomena	presupposes that speech sounds are products of human organs of speech.
assimilation	the process of adapting the articulation of a consonant to a consonant
auditory aspect of sound phenomena	analyses speech sounds from the point of view of perception.
bilingualism	the use of two languages in communication
consonants	speech sounds in the articulation of which there is an obstruction, muscular tension is concentrated at the place of obstruction, the force of the air stream is strong and they are mostly based on noise
constitutive function of sound phenomena	they constitute units of the upper levels of a language: morphemes, words, word-forms, utterances
degrees of word-stress	3 linguistically relevant degrees of stress: primary, secondary, weak
dialect	the variety that is spoken by a socially limited number of people and used only in certain locality
diaphonic variation	is caused by historical tendencies active in certain localities at a certain period of time
distinctive function of sound phenomena	phonetic units when opposed to each other differentiate lexical and grammatical meanings of other language units
distributional method of phonological analysis	is based on the phonological rule that different phonemes can freely occur in one and the same position, while allophones of one and the same phoneme occur in different positions
dynamic accent	the type of an accent when the effect of prominence is achieved by greater force of articulation of a stressed syllable
identificatory function of sound phenomena	the sound phenomena enable the listener to identify them as concrete words, word—forms or utterances
idiolectal variation	is caused by peculiarities in the shape and form of the speaker s speech organs
individual variation	is caused by individual peculiarities of the speaker: age, gender, psychological and emotional state, social status, the circumstances of communication
interference	is a process and a result of the interaction and mutual influence of the language systems being in contact
intonation	(in a broad sense) is a complex unity of five components: speech melody (pitch),utterance stress, tempo, rhythm and voice timbre, which enables the speaker to express his thoughts, emotions and attitudes towards the contents of the utterance and the hearer; (in a narrow sense) is reduced only to one component – speech melody (pitch).
intonation group	is a comlex prosodic unit that structurally consists of one or several rhythmic groups and has a certain phonetic contour: stress, pitch, duration
irrelevant features of phonemes	distinguish one al­lophone from all the other allophones of the phoneme and the mutual substitution of these features does not affect the communication
linguistic aspect of sound phenomena	sounds and prosodic units are linguistic phenomena because they perform 3 main linguistic functions: constitutive, distinctive, identificatory (recognitive)
minimal pairs (in phonological analysis)	The pairs of words which differ only in one speech sound
orthoepic norm	is the standard pronunciation adopted by the native speakers as the right and "proper way of speaking
phoneme	is the smallest further indivisible linguistically relevant unit of the sound structure of a given language which serves to distinguish one word from another
phonetics	is a branch of linguistics that studies: 1) sounds in the broad sense, comprising segmental sounds (vowels and consonants) and prosodic units, 2) the ways in which the sounds are organized into a system of units, 3) the variation.of the units in all types and styles of spoken language, 4) the acoustic properties of sounds, the physiological basis of.sound production taking into account the individual peculiarities of the speaker.
phonetic styles	Different ways of pronunciation, caused by extralinguistic factors and characterised by definite phonetic features
phonetic system	a set of phonetic units arranged in an orderly way to replace each other in a given framework
phonology	is a purely linguistic branch of phonetics that deals with the functional aspect of sound phenomena
phonological opposition	The opposition /phoneme 1/ versus / phoneme 2 / e.g.rat – bat. The opposition /phoneme/versus /-/ is called a zero (phonological) oppo­sition e.g. tables-table.
phonostylistics	a new branch of phonetics which is concerned with the problem of giving a more detailed classification of phonetic styles and the identifi­cation of the style-forming means, i.e. the phonetic features that enable the native speaker to distinguish intuitively between different styles of pronun­ciation
phonotactics	studies the syllable from the point of view of its structure, as a phonological unit and identifies the most typical syllable patterns in a language
phonotactic peculiarities	comprise the list of the most typical syllable patterns of a language and the laws that regulate the presence, the number and arrangements of vowels and consonants in a syllable in a given language
pitch   pitch level	is the variations in the pitch of the voice which take place with voiced sounds is determined by the pitch of the highest-pitched syllable in an utterance
pitch range	is interval between the highest-and the lowest-pitched syllable in an utterance
prosody	can be applied to all non-segmental units, i.e. those which do not enter into the system of segmental phonemes (the utterance, the intonation group, the rhythmic group, the syllable)
prosodic level of phonetic system	a specially organized level of the phonetic system the units of which are syllables, rhythmic groups, intonation groups, utterances which form the subsystems of pitch, stress, tempo, pauses
qualitative accent	the type of an accent when the effect of prominence is achieved by preserving the full quality the vowel phoneme in the stressed syllable
quantitative accent	the type of an accent when the effect of prominence is achieved by uttering a vowel of a stressed syllable longer than another vowel or other vowels
recessive accentuation tendency	stress falls on the first syllable which is generally the root syllable or on the second syllable if a word has a prefix of no special meaning
reduction	the weakening of articulation and the shortening of duration of vowels in an unstressed position
relevant features of phonemes	constant distinctive featu­res that distinguish the phoneme from all the other phonemes of the lan­guage
retentive accentuation tendency	The stress of the parent word is preserved in derivatives
rhythm	is regularity or periodicity in the occurrence of a particular phenomena (sress in English) in an utterance
rhythmic accentuation tendency	stress falls on the third syllable from the end
rhythmic group	is either one stressed syllable or a stressed syllable with a number of unstressed ones grouped around it.
segmental level of phonetic system	a specially organized level of the phonetic system with a certain number of its units: elementary sounds, vowels and consonants which form the vocalic and consonantal subsystems
smantic method of phonological analysis	is based on the phonological rule that a phoneme can distinguish words when opposed to another phoneme or zero in an identical phonetic position
sonants	occupy an intermediate position. Like consonants they have an obstruction in their articulation and muscular tension is concentrated at the place of obstruction. Like vowels the force of the air stream in their articulation is weak and they are based on voice.
stress pattern of a word	the correlation of degrees of prominence of the syllables in a word forms
supraphrasal unit	is formed by grouping utterances into complexes occupying a certain slot in the semantic structure of the text
syllable	is the smallest articulatory and perceptible unit (as a phonetic unit); a structural unit, which consists of a vowel alone or of a vowel (or a syllabic sonorant) surrounded by consonants in the numbers and arrangements permitted by a given language (as a phonological unit).
tempo	is the rate at which utterances and their smaller units are pronounced
tonic(musical) accent	the type of an accent when the effect of prominence is achieved by uttering a stressed syllable on a different pitch level or with a different pitch direc­tion than the other syllable or syllables of the word
utterance	is the main prosodic communicative unit which is characterized by semantic unity expressed by all the language means: lexical, grammatical, prosodic. It may contain one intonation group, two or more.
utterance stress	a constituent part of the phonetic structure of the spoken sentence and one of the components of intonation in the broad sense of the term, source of creating phonetic words
variation	1) the term that reflects the way a language unit and a language system in general exist and function, 2) the idea about different ways of expressing one and the same language essence.
vowels	are speech sounds in the articulation of which there is no obstruction, muscular tension is evenly spread throughout the speech organs, the force of the air stream is weak and they are based on voice
word-stress	is a constituent feature of the phonetic structure of the word as a vocabulary item, which exists as such when it is pronounced in isolation(here we deal with a phonological word)

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