Art Movements

Byzantine [ ] Art. 5th century A.D. to 1453.

Byzantine art is the art of the Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul). Byzantine art was completely focused on the needs of the Orthodox Church, in the painting of icons and the decoration of churches with frescoes and mosaics. The Byzantine style basically ended with the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, during the European Renaissance. However, its influence continued for a considerable time in Russia and elsewhere where the Orthodox Church held sway.

Gothic Art. 5th century to 16th century A.D.

Gothic Art is the style of art produced in Northern Europe from the middle ages up until the beginning of the Renaissance. Typically rooted in religious devotion, it is especially known for the distinctive arched design of its churches, its stained glass, and its illuminated manuscripts.

In the late 14th century, anticipating the Renaissance, Gothic Art developed into a more secular style known as International Gothic. One of the great artists of this period is Simone Martini. Although superseded [ ] = replaced by Renaissance art, there was a Gothic Revival in the 18th and 19th centuries, largely rooted in nostalgia and romanticism.

The Early Renaissance centered in Italy, 15th Century.

The Renaissance was a period of great creative and intellectual activity, during which artists broke away from the restrictions of Byzantine Art. Throughout the 15th century, artists studied the natural world in order to per’fect their understanding of such subjects as anatomy and perspective. Among the many great artists of this period were Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio (Доме́нико Гирланда́йо), Paolo Uccello (Па́оло Учче́лло) and Piero della Francesca. During this period there was a related advancement of Gothic Art centered in Germany and the Netherlands, known as the Northern Renaissance. The Early Renaissance was succeeded by the mature High Renaissance period, which began circa 1500.

The High Renaissance. Centered in Italy, early 16th Century.

The High Renaissance was the culmination of the artistic developments of the Early Renaissance, and one of the great explosions of creative genius in history. It is notable for three of the greatest artists in history: Michelangelo Buonarroti, Raphael Sanzio and Leonardo da Vinci. Also active at this time were such masters as Giorgione, Titian and Giovanni Bellini.

The Baroque Era [ ]. Europe, 17th Century

Baroque Art developed in Europe around 1600, as a reaction against the intricate and formulaic

[ ] Mannerism that dominated the Late Renaissance. Baroque art is less complex, more realistic and more emotionally affecting than Mannerist art.

This movement was encouraged by the Catholic Church, the most important patron of the arts at that time, being seen as a return to tradition and spirituality. One of the great periods of art history, Baroque Art was developed by Caravaggio, Gianlorenzo Bernini and Annibale Carracci, among others. This was also the age of Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer and Velázquez (Вела́скес). In the 18th century, Baroque Art was replaced by the more elegant and elaborate Rococo art style.

Victorian Classicism. Britain, Mid to Late 19th Century.

Victorian Classicism was a British form of historical painting inspired by the art and architecture of Classical Greece and Rome. In the 19th century, an increasing number of Western Europeans made the "Grand Tour" to Mediterranean lands. There was a great popular interest in the region's lost civilizations and exotic cultures, and this interest fuelled the rise of Classicism in Britain, and Orientalism, which was mostly centered in continental Europe. The Classicists were closely associated with the Pre-Raphaelites, many artists being influenced by both styles to some degree. Both movements were highly romantic and were inspired by similar historical and mythological themes - the key distinction being that the Classicists epitomized the rigid Academic standards of painting, while the Pre-Raphaelites were initially formed as a rebellion against those same standards. Frederick Leighton and Lawrence Alma-Tadema were the leading Classicists, and in their lifetimes were considered by many to be the finest painters of their generation.

Vocabulary

style - направление, школа (в искусстве)

to root in - укореняться в, пускать корни

religious devotion – религиозная преданность

stained glass – витраж, витражное стекло

illuminated manuscripts – рукописи, украшенные цветными рисунками

secular [ ] - мирской, светский (не религиозный)

circa 1500 AD – приблизительно, около 1500 г. нашей эры

to be notable for – быть известным чем-либо

patron of the arts – покровитель искусств

spirituality – духовность, одухотворенность

elaborate - тщательно разработанный, продуманный, изысканный

to fuel - возбуждать, разжигать эмоции

the key distinction – главное отличие

the key concept - основная концепция, понятие

to epitomize - воплощать

the rigid academic standards - строгие академические стандарты

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14