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A Comprehension check.
1 Give your own example of a descriptive law and a prescriptive law.
2 Mark these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text.
a Social customs and rules are both enforced by governments.
b Many laws reflect social customs.
c Unlike social customs, laws are usually international.
d In all societies relations between people are regulated by customs and traditions.
e The speed limits imposed on a driver is an example of a prescriptive law.
f In general it is very easy to escape justice.
g Both customs and rules are enforced by governments.
B Answer these questions.
1 What does the word “law” refer to?
2 What is a descriptive/prescriptive law?
3 What is understood by prescriptive laws in all societies?
4 What is the difference between a custom and a law?
5 Do governments have any motives in making laws?
C Put the verb into the correct form, present, future, past simple or present perfect.
The fact that English law 1) _______(function) without major revolutions for upwards of nine hundred years is one of the great stabilizing factors of the English legal and political traditions. Of course there has been constant change throughout the centuries. But because change 2) _______(be) gradual most people 3) _______(feel) a sense of security in their personal and political lives. As time 4) ______(pass), however, it 5) ______(become) necessary to adopt rules governing the conduct of individuals toward one another. Certain laws were enacted. The purpose of law 6) ______(be) to bring some measure of order, of predictability into what would otherwise be the chaos of community living. It 7) ______ (give) protection to property. It 8) ______(ensure) that individuals’ rights are guaranteed by rules laid down in advance. Law is defined as any rule that society 9) _______(enforce).
Law generally 10) ______(represent) the developing common morality of human beings. There 11) ______(be) a close relationship between law and morality. Law not only 12) ______(have) its origin in morality, but also is easier to enforce when citizens 13) ______ (yield) to government for moral reasons.
Vocabulary tasks
A The word AUTHORITY has the following meanings in Russian:
Власть
supreme authority – верховная власть
Полномочие, право, права, компетенция
to act on smb’s authority – действовать на основании полученных
полномочий
Pl. власти, начальство, администрация
local authorities – местные власти, органы местного самоуправления
Авторитет, вес, влияние
to have authority with smb. – пользоваться авторитетом у кого-либо
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