Output Hardware

The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor.

Monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc.

Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics.

Modem is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.

Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what the computer system is designed to do. Hardware can fill several floors of a large office building or can fit on your lap.

Vocabulary notes:

circuitry - эл. цепи

CPU, microprocessor - мик­ропроцессор

input hardware - устройства ввода данных

output hardware - выходные устройства отображения информации

processing hardware - устрой­ства обработки данных

RAM - ОЗУ (оперативное за­поминающее устройство)

ROM - ПЗУ (постоянное за­поминающее устройство)

CD-ROM - накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)

sophisticated - сложный

storage hardware - устрой­ства хранения данных

temporarily - временно

temporary - временный

tier - ярус

to execute - выполнять

volatile -нестойкий, времен­ный

Задание 2. Answer the questions:

1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the hardware?

2. What groups of hardware could be defined?

3. What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware?

4. What is mouse designed for? What is a light pen?

5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?

6. Can a PC-user change the ROM? Who records the information in ROM?

7. What is storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM?

8. What is modem used for? Can PC-user communicate with other people without a modem?

Задание 3. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) Computer is an electronic device therefore hardware is a system of electronic devices.

2) The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing.

3) Scanner is used to input graphics only.

4) The purpose of processing hardware is to retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer.

5) CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper.

6) User is unable to change the contents of ROM.

7) 5.25" floppy disks are used more often because they are flexible and have more capacity than 3.5" disks.

5) Printer is a processing hardware because its purpose is to show the information produced by the system.

6) Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines.

7) The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve them when needed for processing.

Задание 4. Give definitions to the following:

1) CPU

2) ROM

3) Floppy-disk

4) CD-ROM

5) Printer

6) Modem

7) Mainboard

8) Hard disk

9) Keyboard

10) Sound-card

Задание 5. Which of the following is Hardware:

1) program

2) mouse

3) CPU

4) printer

5) modem

6) command

7) port

8) cursor or the pointer

9) keyboard

10) character

Задание 6. Match the following:

1) процессор

2) клавиатура

3) мышь

4) дискета

5) «винчестер»

6) модем

7) экран

8) ПЗУ

9) ОЗУ

a) nonvolatile, nonmodifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed

instructions to the system.

b) the part of a television or computer on which a picture is formed or information is

displayed.

c) rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer programs and

relatively large amounts of data.

d) an electronic device that makes possible he transmis­sion of data to or from

computer via telephone or oth­er communication lines.

e) a set of keys, usually arranged in tiers, for operating a typewriter, computer

terminal, or the like.

f) volatile computer memory, used for creating, loading, and running programs and

for manipulating and tem­porarily storing data; main memory.

g) central processing unit: the key component of a com­puter system, containing the

circuitry necessary to interpret and execute program instructions.

h) a palm-sized device equipped with two or more but­tons, used to point at and select

items on a computer display screen and for controlling the cursor by means of

analogous movement on a nearby surface.

i) a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with mag­netic material, for storing

computer data and program.

СРОП № 3

Задание 1. Read the text: Operating systems

When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50'&.every programme written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the programme. The additional programme instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex and time-consaming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop on programme that could control the computer's hardware, whish others programmes could have used when they needed it. They created the first operating system.

Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programmes such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its олт) commands that help you to use the computer.

DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for " Microsoft DOS''. When IBM first released the IBM PS in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PS and culled it PS-DOS. From the users perspective, PS-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade. DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number. Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed be Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programmes. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However. NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the?C's memory management capabilities.

OS/2 is a PS operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface Uiat lets you run programmes with a click of a mouse. Also like NT. OS'2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-bssed!^>c. ai. shipped with OS/2 preinstalled.

UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allow multiple users to access the system. Traditionally. UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PS's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programmes they desired. Unlike NT and os'2, UNIX for their own use.

Windows 95 & 98, are still the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible. The new series of operating system by Microsoft are Windows Millenium. Windows 2000 and XP. Each of these new product is addressed to the both corporate and private clients. New strategy of the Microsoft is aimed at creating «a one for all" product, which will be useful for both the beginners and advanced users.

Vocabulary notes:

Complex-сложный On top of DO - "сверху" на основе ДОС

To consume-потреблять With a click of a mouse-одним щелком

Consumer-потребитель Multiple users-многочисленные пользователи

To realize -понять осознать Are shipped-поставляются

Smart-умный Simultaneously-одновременно

Decade-декада десятилетие То desire-желать

Top-верх

Задание 2. Answer the questions:

1) What problems faced programmemers in the 1940s and I950's?

21 Why were the first programmes "complex" and "time consuming"?

3) What are the basic functions of operating system?

4) What does the abbreviation DOS mean?

5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For what purpose was it done?

6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS

7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is NT DOS-compatible? What are the basic requirements for NT?

8) Who is the developer of OS 2?

9) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?

10) What are the special features of Windows 95. Windows 98. Windows 2000?

Задание 3. Match the following: 1) Like NT.... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programmemes with a click of a mouse.

2)... is the most commonly used PS operating system. 3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system.

4)... is an operating system de\eloped by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft

Windows programmes

5) The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly.

а) UNIX

b)DOS

c)NT

d) OS/2

e) Windows 95

Задание 4. Which of the listed below statements arc true / false. Specify your answer using the text.

1) When computers were first introduced in 40's and 50's programmemers had to

write programmes to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners.

2) The operational system controls and manages the use of the hardware and the

memory.

3) There are no commands available in operating systems, they are only in word

processors.

4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete with IBM's PS-DOS.

5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 Mb random access memory.

б) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developed by Microsoft. 7) Traditionally, UNIY was ran by many users simultaneously

8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 DOS compatible and have very "friendly" and

convenient interface.

Задание 5. Translate into English:

1) Современная операционные системы контролируют использование

системного оборудования, например, принтера и мыши.

2) С точки зрения пользователя, операционные системы PS-DOS и MS-DOS

идентичны, с равными возможностями и набором системных команд.

3) OS/2 является DOS- совместимой операционной системой, позволяющей

запускать программы при помощи графического интерфейса пользователя.

4) Дополнительные программы для работы с устройствами системного

оборудования были очень сложны и поглощали много времени.

5) Операционная система также позволяет затекать программы, также как

простейший текстовый редактор.

6) DOS - наиболее распространенная операционная система для персонального

компьютера.

Задание 6. Questions for discussion:

1) Why do you think Bill Gates. President of Microsoft Company is one of the

richest people on the Earth?

2) Judging from your experience teil if UNIX is used nowadays? What about OS’2?

3) Ask the students in your group who have experience working with Windows 95

and Windows 98 about the advantages and disadvantages of these operational

systems.

СРОП № 4

Задание 1. Read the text: Personal Computer

The first personal computer (PC) was put on the market in 1975.

Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. Moreover, just as it has become financially feasible to provide a computer for the individual worker, so also technical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly “friendly”, so that a wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.

A personal computer is a small computer based on a microprocessor; it is a microcomputer. Not all microcomputers, however, are personal computers. A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the injection of fuel into an automobile engine; it can be a word processor, a video game or a “pocket computer” that is not quite a computer. A personal computer is something different: a standalone computer that puts a wide array of capabilities at the disposal of an individual.

The first generation of true personal computers, which came on the market between 1977 and 1981, had eight-bit microprocessors; the most recently introduced systems have 16-bit ones. Now 32-bit microprocessor chips are available, and soon they will be included in complete computer systems. As for clock frequency, the trend has been from one megahertz (one million cycles per second) a few years ago to 10 megahertz or more today.

Vocabulary:

complicated a сложный; запутанный

storage n 1. хранение; 2. запоминающее устройство (ЗУ), память

port n: input port вход

output port вы

double-sided card двусторонняя печатная плат

printed card перфокарта; печатная схе

consume v потреблять, поглощать

background n 1.фон;2.основа;3.подготовка;4.предпосылка,история вопро

workload n: load n 1. нагрузка; 2. груз.

Задание 2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих речевых отрезков:

1.средство для сбора, записи, анализа и распределения огромной массы информации;

2.попытки понять процессы мышления;

3.интенсивное применение компьютера для моделирования;

4.решение сложных математических задач;

5.хотя компьютеры применяются для различных целей;

6.независимо от размера и назначения системы компьютера состоят;

Задание 3. Задайте вопросы собеседнику по содержанию Основного текста. Типы вопросов:

1.What is the (computer) like?

2. What is the (computer) used for?

3. What does the (computer) do in (commerce)?

4. What do you know about the (central processing unit)?

Задание 4. Дайте определения следующих терминов:

1.input-output ports;

2. memory capacity;

3. average speed of main memory;

4. primary and secondary storage;

5 small-scale integration;

7. interpretation of instructions.

СРОП № 5

Задание 1. Read the text: A computer for Scuba Divers

A computer for scuba divers will provide in one device information about time, depth and air supply. It is to be used together with special divers’ tables. A display will provide visual information and audible warnings about critical conditions.

If a diver wants to know an accurate depth he is down, he must set water type he is in the sea, he will set “sea water”, otherwise he will set “fresh water”. The device shows the diver’s current depth in meters and the level of power left in the batteries. It will indicate if the level is low, medium or high.

If a diver wants to know how long he has been down, he can see this from the display. If a diver needs to spend some minutes at a certain depths for decompression, he will start his stop watch, and will wait until the time has elapsed (passed). If a diver wants to know the amount of air left in the tank, he can see this from the contents display.

A warning signal tells him when he must start his ascent. Before he descends, the diver sets the time to ascent. If he began his ascent before the display started flashing, he would be within safe limits. If he did not ascend then, he would expose himself to decompression sickness. If he started his ascent and went up too quickly, he would see a warning light “Too fast”. Then he should slow down his ascent.

Задание 2. Read the text. Try to guess the meaning of the term scuba divers.

СРОП № 6

Задание 1. Read the text: Television

The television set is evidently the most important and popular electronic product of all time. All homes in developed countries have one or more TV sets and in many countries there are considerably more TV sets than telephones. But in 1939 at the World’s Fair in New York a tiny nine-by- twelve inch box was the centre of attention for hundreds of people. They were the first to see a television set in action. Compared to today’s TV shows of underwater and outer-space research, those first black-white pictures were not very good. The pictures were only transmitted from one side of the Fair territory to the other. But in 1939 they were of historical importance. Within a few days the news of television spread throughout the world. A lot of people wanted to have a look at the new invention. Everyone was interested in it. But only few people owned television sets in the next few years. When World War II broke out electronic factories that began the TV production stopped making them and started making war materials instead. When the war was over, TV sets began coming off factory assembly lines. By 1958 there were millions of them.

In a surprisingly short time people watched fewer and turned from newspapers and magazines to TV. In its short history television has had great influence on people’s life and way of thinking. Rocket-launching, concerts and football and tennis matches can be seen direct as they occur. The boundaries of time and space have disappeared.

At present TV communication is provided with the help of a system of artificial earth satellites so that people living in different parts of the country and all over the world and in different time zones are able to watch the central TV programs at the most convenient hours. Nowadays many countries also have cable TV, a system using wires for the transmission of television programs (like telephone calls). Cable television first appeared in 1949 as a means of transmitting TV signals to rural and mountain areas far from big cities. Cable television’s next big step forward was made by the mid — 1980s. Scientists announced that many technical problems had been solved and in the future it would be possible via satellite and cable TV to use more channels on a TV set at every home in the world. Then we saw how a new technical invention, colour television, was rapidly replacing black-and-white television. Recently it was reported that the first pocket-size colour television set had been developed. It was stated that a liquid-crystal display was used similar to those on calculators and watches and that it weighed less than a pound.

A few years ago it became evident that the next major advance for TV would be digital television. In a digital system the usual continuous signal is replaced by a digital code containing detailed information on brightness, colour, etc. A digital TV set hangs on the wall like a picture. Essentially, it is a minicomputer with a visual display. Once a week you put the programs you like into the memory, and the TV set will automatically switch on the desired channel at the right time. You can watch several programs simultaneously on mini screens and then produce one of them in full format. Also, the TV set can automatically video-record the programs when you are absent or occupied.

By the end of 1980s television has moved to a new and the most important stage in its development since the appearance of colour television. Technically it is called high-definition television (HDTV) or Hi-Vision. This is the much higher resolution television of the 21st century.

Vocabulary:

ect (etcetera) – и т. д.

means n – средство

nowadays adv – сейчас, в настоящее время

occur v –происходить, возникать

research n – исследование

simultaneously adv – одновременно

transmit v –передавать

within prp – в пределах, в, через

Задание 2. Просмотрите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. When did the first TV set appear?

2. Were people interested in the new invention?

3. Why was the TV production stopped in 1940?

4. What is cable television?

5. What is digital television?

6. What is high-definition television?

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