Management Styles

Management is needed at all levels in an organization. A typical definition of a manager is that he provides direction and influences others to achieve common goals.

Being an effective manager means knowing when to use the right management style. Some styles, for instance, are more people-oriented, while others tend to focus on a project or product. The style the manager selects will depend on his subordinates’ skills and knowledge, available resources (like time and money), desired results, and, of course, the task before him.

Manager’s job is to select the style that works best for any given situation. Managing without a specific style geared to a specific set of circumstances can slow down and even lead to costly mistakes.

If a manager uses participatory style he gives each employee an entire task to complete. The manager makes sure the individual knows and understands his or her part as it relates to the project or task. Many managers get their satisfaction from having a good relationship with other workers.

When people on team know where they fit in the big picture, they're more likely to be motivated to complete the task. The manager should explain the details and why their role is important; get their input on the task and its significance. This will give them a sense of value, and hopefully, encourage them to take ownership of their piece of the project.

If manager’s tasks are divided among groups, he should coordinate each group’s contribution so that everyone knows where and how they fit in. Also the manager should make a concerted effort to minimize obstacles and difficulties that arise, reward not only jobs well done, but motivation as well. This will maintain the momentum and let people know that their manager has faith in their efforts.

Sometimes a situation will call for a direct style of management. Perhaps a tight deadline looms, or the project involves numerous employees and requires a top-down management approach. Here, a manager answers five questions for the employees: What? Where? How? Why? and When?

This style may seem cold and impersonal, but the manager still has an opportunity to be motivating and accessible. Thus, he mustn’t be afraid to set specific standards and expectations. His communication, therefore, must be detail-oriented, unambiguous, and free of buzzwords and jargon.

If a manager wants to expedite a project and optimize a process for completing that project, managing by teamwork is the way to go. When you motivate people to pool their knowledge, the results may exceed your expectations. Often, teams can tackle problems more quickly than what you can accomplish on your own.

Successful teamwork depends on coordinated efforts among the staff, as well as solid communication skills. Reports must be clear and concise. Presentations must convey information that leaves nothing unanswered. When the manager gets around to employee evaluations, remember to recognize those who were able to collaborate and maintain a team spirit, especially under pressure.

A perfect manager should know where the organization is going and persuade staff to follow him. Successful organizations have clear values. And it is the manager's job to show what they are. The manager is therefore a person who protects and promotes the organization values.

Answer Keys

SECTION I

1 F

2 F

3 F

4 T

5 F

6 T

7 F

8 T

9 F

10 F

11 I

12 H

13 D

14 A

15 C

16 F

17 E

18 B

19 G

20 J

21 B

22 B

23 A

24 A

25 D

26 C

27 B

28 D

29 B

30C

SECTION II

31. tourists

32. efforts

33. economies

34. hotels

35. money

36. foreign

37. afford

38. attract

39. problem

40. companies

41. profits

42. country

43. staff

44. languages

45. courses

46. A

47. A

48. D

49. C

50.B

51. D

52. A

53. A

54. B

55. A

56. B

57. B

58. A

59. C

60. C

61. pleasant

62. enjoyable

63. instructions

64. irritation

65. appear

66. inconvenient

67. comfortable

68. important

69. travelers

70. value

Критерії оцінки знань на фаховому іспиті іспиті з іноземної мови

(для непрофільних факультетів)

Кожна правильна відповідь тестового завдання у частинах 1 і 2 становить 1 бал. За виконання завдання у частині 3 здобувач отримує 30 балів.

Максимальна кількість балів за виконання письмового тесту становить 100 балів. Вступники можуть отримати від 0 до 100 балів. Прохідний бал для участі у конкурсі – 25 балів.

Оцінювання тестових завдань

№ частини тестового завдання	Кількість балів
Section I. Vocabulary and reading comprehension
Section II. Language use
Section III. English for Specific Purposes
Усього

Література

1. Бондар Т.І., Кириченко З.Ф., Колесник Д.М., Дєгтярьова Л.П., Шпак В.К. Англійська мова для аспірантів та наукових співробітників. Навчальний посібник. – Київ: Центр навчальної літератури, 2005.

2. Ільченко О.М. Англійська для науковців. The Language of Science: Підручник / Видання друге, доопрацьоване. – К.: Наук.думка, 2010.

3. Програма з англійської мови для університетів/інститутів (п’ятирічний курс навчання): Проект / Колектив авт.: С.Ю. Ніколаєва, М.І. Соловей (керівники), Ю.В.Головач та ін.; Київ.держ.лінгв.ун-т та ін. – Вінниця: Нова книга, 2001.

4. Рябцева Н.К. Научная речь на английском языке. Руководство по научному изложению. Словарь оборотов и сочетаемости общенаучной лексики: новый словарь активного типа (на англ.яз.). – 3-е узд., испр. – М.: Флинта: Наука. – 2002.

5. Яхонтова Т.В. Основи англомовного наукового письма. English Academic Writing for Students and Researchers: Навч.посібник для студентів, аспірантів і науковців. – Львів: Видавничий центр ЛНУ ім. Івана Франка, 2002

6. Axtell R., Dos and Taboos of Using English Around the World. – N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.

7. Clyne M. Inter-cultural Communication at Work: Cultural Values in Discourse. – Cambridge University Press, 1994.

8. ETS (Education Testing Service) TOEFL Preparation Kit (various editions).

9. Jordan, R.R. Academic Writing Course. London: Longman, 1999.

10. Leki I. Academic Writing: Exploring Processes and Strategies. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

11. Swan M. Practical English Usage. New International Students Edition. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-13